Spaceports USA: iimpawu kunye photo

Ukwinqwelo-space suku ngalunye luya lula kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi. Kuba abo bazimisele ukuba uhlawule iimali ezisemagqabini imali kwimizuzu embalwa elifutshane babebuchithela ngaphandle emoyeni, i-Ofisi Federal of Civil Aviation yaseUnited States yakhupha imaphu imidlalo, apho uphawu zonke spaceports US. A uluhlu lwamanxuwa lwangoku federal neyongezelelwe ulwazi malunga nezibonelelo zabucala eyenzelwe izithuthi zokuqalisa isithuba.

Yintoni spaceports?

zokubhala Ukuqalisa asetyenziswa ukuqala izithuthi Orbital okanye suborbital okukuwo. Zinika ukumanywa amalungu ukuqala, zinika amafutha, moya inkonzo wabakhwelisa payload. Spaceports kwenza kube lula ukuvelisa kusukwe oxwesileyo kwaye nkqo kunye kokwehla. Ukusuka sungula isithuba isithuthi sihamba nge kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba indawo lomphehlelelo, nto leyo idla yafakelwa izixhobo umkhondo nokufumana telemetry. Kuyimfuneko ukuba esweni isithuthi de iqaliswa ngempumelelo nezijikeleza ndibuyele Earth. Le nkqubo ingasetyenziswa ukukhangela izigaba esebenza.

I-Federal Aviation Administration kunye United States indawo yorhwebo yokuhamba mvume amaziko lokwazisa wabucala lizwe.

Zingaphi spaceports kwi US?

Ekupheleni kuka-2015 eUnited States, kukho 19 pads esebenzayo, 8 zazo federal, 9 baba - zorhwebo, isetyenziswa arhente zikarhulumente, libambisene kunye namashishini abucala, yaye omnye bobabo eyunivesithi. Kwezi, 4 zenzelwe ukuba ukubaleka kumhlaba orbit esezantsi, 9 asetyenziswa kuphela xa uqala sub-Orbital no 5 jikelele.

Kwakhona, kukho 3 into imvume ngayo ukuqalisa inokwenziwa ilayisensi okanye izithuthi ogunyazisiweyo. Ekubeni iinkampani zokuphucula ukusetyenziswa imijukujelwa data cosmodrome kwimveliso yayo, imfuneko ukufumana imvume kuba pad yokuqalisa kungekho mfuneko. Ezi ziquka:

• iqonga "Odyssey" inkqubo "Sea Launch", esebenzisa «Zenit 3PL" imijukujelwa;
• cosmodrome "McGregor" Texas Inkampani SpaceX, apho ukuvavanya Falcon 9R;
• Yokudlala kufuphi Van Horn, Texas, inkampani Blue Origin.

US spaceports, sezibona ngelo xesha lakalokunje zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu. Bona elise kunxweme wePasifiki, ukuya ngasezantsi-kumzantsi-ntshona kunye nonxweme Atlantic oluyintloko esemazantsi.

group pacific

spaceports US kwi Pacific Ocean iziza ezibini sungula. Eyokuqala liqonga "Elwandle Launch", nto leyo ekuqaleni sentlanganisela Norwegian-Russian-Ukrainian-American. Emva kokuba ungonakala of Rocket labucala 2009 and Space Corporation "Energia" Russia waba umnikazi wayo oyintloko. Kangangexesha elithile US wasebenzisa iqonga ukuqalisa satellites zorhwebo.

Okwesibini - buyindawo Reagan - ibekwe kwi Marshall Islands. Launch pad ukwakweli iRose ka Kwajalein kunye Aur, kwaye Wake Island. Oku kusetyenziswa njengendawo zovavanyo imijukujelwa weave, iinkqubo zokhuselo enomjukujelwa, indawo kunye neenkqubo zophando zemozulu, kwakunye nokubeka esweni umsebenzi satellites. Ngomhla launch Island Isiqithi omelek ibekwe orhwebo for SpaceX.

Launch izakhiwo Alaska

Kwakhona Alaska iye US spaceports. Launch complex "Kodiak", nto leyo ligxininisa ukubeka satellite ibe orbit polar, kunye kwiinda uphando ugqugqisile Flat, ephethwe yi-eziGeophysical Institute, University of Alaska, iqala ngexabiso ngezixhobo ngonzululwazi sokuba imilinganiselo kwi phezulu emoyeni.

Launch complex "Kodiak"

"Kodiak" kummandla ka-1500 kwiihektare eliphezulu-inkululeko yokuqalisa entsonkothileyo kuphela eUnited States. Ngelo ngama 54 kwisiqithi Kodiak yi Nerrou - Cape Spaceport USA, osebenza kakhulu uqala polar esetyenziselwa Hewana ukuba komzila. Best of indawo yayo uhlobo kuquka iziza ezibini (enye moya Orbital, kwaye enye suborbital), kwisakhiwo esinemigangatho-17 ukuya ukwakha imijukujelwa kunye igumbi ecocekileyo ukulungiselela-Hewana. Kwi sakhiwo kukho ulwakhiwo kwisigaba sesithathu, nto leyo baya kuvelisa siqalo emangalisayo ekhawulezayo - ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-24 ziya kubanjwa ukususela ukunikezelwa ukuqala.

Iqala indawo California

Ukongeza ezimbini Air Force US airbases "Vandenberg" yaye "Edwards", nazo zisetyenziselwa yokulinga runs, e-California kukho site ezimbini lokwazisa, "California" yaye "Mojave." Kwaye ke mihle ngokwenene! Ngo-2004, le "Mojave" i lokuqala oluphemeleleyo sungula va uxhaswa bucala SpaceShipOne wobugcisa. E California, nayo isekelwe "California Ofisi Space," nto leyo phantse akukho mandla zange ilifa ngoko ke ayeka ukuba khona.

Spaceport "California"

Xa Airbase "Vandenberg" kwi Lompoc, California, ukususela 1999, isebenza le mvume spaceport yorhwebo indala eUnited States, igama apho - i spaceport "California". Ngaphezu koko, eli ziko kuphela imali ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe - esebenza ngaphandle inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Eyona ndawo iphambili sisiqalo-8 ezinzima sungula va okanye SLC-8. Oku uyakwazi ukunika zombini indlela polar kwaye ballistic usebenzisa udidi ukukhawulezisa amancinci "Minotaur" iibhloko.

Aerokosmoport "Mojave"

Eyakhelwe isikhululo seenqwelo-moya kunye aselwandle zokudubula uluhlu yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, aerokosmoport "Mojave" uye waba ngomnye sites lokuqala uvavanyo ukuze baxhomekeka zabucala. Ukuqala inkqubo enomjukujelwa yoo-1990, loo nto yaba isiseko amagama amakhulu kwimbali-moya yorhwebo suborbital kwaye Orbital, kubandakanywa SpaceShipOne, waphumelela Ansari X ngo-2004, XCOR Aerospace, Masten Space Systems and Orbital Science Corp.

South-ntshonalanga

Apha, yonke karhulumente kwi-US kunye spaceport. New Mexico, Texas kunye Oklahoma - bonke zinamaqoqo mkhankaso, kunye New Mexico ukulawule. On "ingane Land" (isiqhulo ezisemthethweni ngurhulumente) yakhiwe spaceport "America", nto leyo maxa wambi uthumela abakhenkethi emajukujukwini.

Spaceport "America"

Desert Jordana del Muerto, New Mexico - indawo apho kukho spaceport US, "America", eyaba yorhwebo isiseko lokuqala kwihlabathi-eyakhelwe injongo kunye iphedi ngokubhengezwa kwinkampani aerospace yabucala Virgin esembindini, SpaceX, UP Aerospace Armadillo Aerospace. inkqubo LEED Certified, injongosenzi lugubungela malunga 62 eziliwaka macala onke. M. m and yokuma iquka indawo ezimbini kabini-ukuphakama 4400 macala onke. m kunye Mission Kumbindi Wolawulo. Le spaceport ifikeleleka ngendlea sisekelo kwidolophu ekufuphi Inyaniso okanye Konsikuenses.

On Missile Range White Sands nazo zonke iintlobo zezinto ezinkulu kunye neziqhushumbisi kananjalo ngamanye amaxesha umlilo kufuphi isithuba. Ukongeza, kukho ubekwe kwindawo yokuqala yenyukliya uvavanyo ehlabathini. Kodwa akukho ndawo inika umdla gqitha.

Spaceport "Oklahoma"

Ifunyanwa phakathi Oklahoma entlango, le spaceport yeyona moya inde e North America (4115 m). Kudibaniso blank ngaphandle eziphaphazelayo-moya esibhakabhakeni, waba ngowokuqala eUnited States, nto leyo abawuthobeli emkhosini nezithintelo moya, okuyinto enhle yezithuthi zorhwebo kunye andize oxwesileyo kunye kokwehla. Kukho inkampani nayo esekelwe Armadillo Aerospace, nangona prototype wayo oyinyanga iziphekepheke yenzelwe kuphela ukusuka nkqo kunye kokwehla. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukho nkqu yegalufa 9-umngxuma.

Spaceports eTexas

E Texas, kukho pad bekusungulwa zabucala intloko lwamashishini isithuba kwaye multi-Billionaire umseki Amazon Dzheff Bezosa Blue Origin. Ngoku le launch uvavanyo, kodwa mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo iya kuba yindawo elungileyo zohambo babakhenkethi kuko umva.

Yaye inkampani McGregor SpaceX owakhe uvavanyo yokuqalisa iphedi le injini merlin 1D kunye Ukhozi 9 ngexabiso kunye intethe.

unxweme Central kunye nakumazantsi Atlantic

E Virginia, kukho detox ezimbini lokwazisa - Mid-Atlantic yoMmandla Spaceport (mars) kunye spaceport kwi Wallops Island NASA. Mars thumela iinqanawa emajukujukwini ngenxa iinzuzo zerhafu "zero womxhuzulane - zero irhafu". On Wallops NASA lasungula rocket. Ngokomzekelo, ngoSeptemba 6, 2013 ukusuka apha Yaphaphazela probe ukufunda emoyeni kwenyanga kunye nokusingqongileyo - okokuqala ngaphandle kwe Florida, apho engundoqo spaceport USA.

Isendaweni kunxweme olusempuma Virginia, iziko sakhiwa ngo-1945 zokuyenza loo iimvavanyo ashukimisayo kwaye njengoko kwiziko sungula Orbital. Ukususela ngelo xesha, kunye Wallops waqalisa imijukujelwa abangaphezulu kwe-16,000, kuquka AMAGQABAZA ▸ yokuqala project "Mercury" kunye LADEE.

Phantsi kwenkokhelo ka-Ofisi ka-Commercial Space Flight of Virginia, ngomhla Mars isebenza pads ezimbini lokwazisa: Pad 0A, nto leyo mvume faa ukunikezela payloads ukukhathaza ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-5 kwi-Earth komzila esezantsi, kwaye Pad 0B, sivumele imveliso 3.8 tonnes payload ukuba elifanelekileyo izithuthi ezincinane ezifana i "Minotaur IV of" okanye "Minuteman". Ukongezelela amafutha eqinileyo-ulwelo yemveli kwaye ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise isithuthi gqith.

Ukusukela okokuqala izimele logistics impahla iziphekepheke Cygnus Orbital Sciences Corporation ebhodini irula yenethiwekhi yayo "Antares" yaveliswa cosmodrome mars. Cygnus, Dragon philisi ekhuphisana uElon must, ngempumelelo amhluba September 18, 2013 kwiintsuku ezine kamva, yena bafika ISS, wama wayinikela 980 kg izinto.

Cape Canaveral

The main US sungula site ibekwe kwiphondo Florida. Ngoko ke ngokubhengezwa kunye nokuququzelela inkqubo "Apollo" kwi 1960 and 1970. kunye nenkqubo esabangela Space kwisiphekepheke sharing-1980-2000. "Space Coast" iquka Space Centre NASA Yohane F. Kennedy Air Force Station kunye launch US eCape Canaveral.

Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo shuttles Air Force Station, kunye Kennedy Space Centre kwavulwa ukuba noxanduva zorhwebo. Kunye, ezi zibonelelo zinamaqoqo ezintathu esebenzayo kunye moya ezimbini akhutheleyo runs nkqo phakathi kwabo.

izakhiwo Ukuqalisa 46 no-20 lamathuba sungula zaseprayimari Canaveral. Eyokuqala kwezi yenzelwe ukulungiselela imijukujelwa eliphakathi-class "Lockheed Athena" okanye "Taurus" imijukujelwa ballistic "Ababhali II of" yaye "Minuteman". Iseti yesibini yayakhelwe kukhonza iinkqubo ezincinane sungula sub-Orbital LiteStar,-bala, Orion kunye ASAS.

Spaceport "uCecil Field"

Ngo-2010, i-Federal Aviation Administration United States yamkele indalo Jacksonville spaceport "uCecil Field" kwisiza isiseko kuyekiswa eponymous Aviation yomkhosi. Launch pad wafumana ilayisenisi ngo-2010, kwaye kuwo sele iimali eziyimfuneko ukuxhasa izithuthi avuselelekayo ngokuthe tye iqalisiwe. Kwisiza zokuqalisa ubude moya ka-3800, 2400 no-1200 m, taxiways ngophuhliso ngakumbi nezinto cosmoport. Kufuneka kugqitywa ekupheleni kweli shumi leminyaka.

Namhlanje, iinqwelo isithuba ezi akutshintsho. Uphando zomkhosi izilingo kuqhubeka ukulawula, nangona uqala e-Hewana yorhwebo baqalisa ukuhlala elandayo yinxalenye ngexabiso mihla kunye noshishino emajukujukwini. Space yokhenketho ukusuka kwiinkampani ezifana Virgin esembindini yaye mhlawumbi, Blue Origin uthembisa ikamva entsha, Noko ke, ngelo ngexabiso okwangoku ifumaneka ezimbalwa.

sites zokuqalisa US New kunye neenkqubo ezifana Space X, zibonisa ukuba kukho okuninzi isekhona indawo ezintsha.