Aluminiyamu Ubushushu ezingatshiyo. yodidi olulodwa kunye aluminium. Production kunye nokusetyenziswa aluminiyamu ubushushu-resistant

kushishino Modern ayikwazi bacinge ngaphandle izinto ezifana nesinyithi. Ngayo, sijamelene phantse yonke indawo. Ngu ziqaliswe isakhiwo sayo izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ngamachiza kakhulu ngcono iipropati mechanical kunye nokusebenza.

Yintoni steel

Steel ebizwa ingxubevange ukuba ubunjwe carbon kunye nesinyithi. Kwakhona, i intsila onjalo (ifoto othambekele ngezantsi) ukuze ezinye izinto ukungcola imichiza.

Eziliqela States enomahluko zesakhiwo. Ukuba umxholo carbon phakathi 0,025-0,8%, i-data ekuthiwa intsimbi pro-eutectoid nibe perlite lwabo isakhiwo ferrite. Ukuba intsimbi hypereutectoid, kunokwenzeka ukuba bagcine ngeperlite kunye isigaba cementite. Uphawu lobume ferrite yi ductility enkulu. Kwakhona Cementite ibe lukhuni omkhulu. Perlite zenza zombini kwisigaba odlulileyo. Oku kunokuba imilo granular (yi ukubandakanywa beenkozo ferrite zilungiswe cementite apho abe imilo setyhula) kunye ipleyiti (zombini umjikelezo uhlobo zenkongozelo). Ukuba sobhedu utshiwe ngaphezu lobushushu apho polymorphs kwenzeka, ngoko ke utshintsho kubume ukuba austenite. Esi sigaba sele ductility eliphezulu. Ukuba umxholo carbon ungaphezulu 2.14%, izinto ezinjalo kunye aluminium kuthiwa yentsimbi.

iintlobo ngensimbi

Kuxhomekeka nokwakhiwa ngentsimbi ukuze carbon and ingxubevange. isiqulatho Carbon ngaphantsi kwe 0.25% ubonakalise intsimbi esezantsi-carbon. Ukuba imali ifikelela 0,55%, ngoko ke sithethe eliphakathi-ingxubevange. Steel, ethe nokubunjwa kwayo ngaphezulu kwe-0.6% carbon, ekuthiwa phezulu-carbon. Ukuba yaveliswa Fusion, ubuchwepheshe iquka ukuqaliswa imichiza ethile, le intsimbi ingxubevange ebizwa. Ukuqaliswa amacandelo ahlukeneyo litshintsha kakhulu iipropati yayo. Ukuba imali yabo ngaphantsi kwe-4%, ingxubevange ephantsi-exutyiweyo. Srednelegirovannoj kunye high-ingxubevange yesinyithi kufuneka ngokulandelelana kwi-11% kunye% ubumdaka ngaphezulu kwama-12. Kuxhomekeka apho endle aluminiyamu zentsimbi zisetyenziswa, ukuba ukwabela iintlobo ezifana:, yodidi nezixhobo zokusebenza kunye ezizodwa kunye aluminium.

technology lokuvelisa

Inkqubo-yokwenza intsimbi lixesha kakhulu olenyayo. Oku kuquka izigaba ezininzi. Okokuqala, kufuneka izinto - nsimbi. Inqanaba lokuqala iqulathe ukufudumeza ukuya kwiqondo elithile. Xa oku kwenzeka iinkqubo oxidative. In inyathelo lesibini ubushushu iba eliphezulu kakhulu. iinkqubo carbon igcwala zizinto kakhulu ngakumbi. Unako nokusebenzisa oksijini eyongezelelweyo ingxubevange. elimsulwa angafuneki iyasuswa ukuya zeBlack. Inyathelo elilandelayo sibhekiswe ukususwa oksijini ukusuka ngentsimbi kuba kunciphisa kakhulu iimpawu mechanical. Le nokuhanjiswa enokwenziwa okanye ukunisa indlela. Ukuba inkqubo deoxidation lungenzeki, ngentsimbi nto kuthiwa abilayo. ingxubevange cwaka ayikhuphi iigesi, ioksijini lususwe. Phakathi kwabo semi-wambulala ngentsimbi. Ukuveliswa aluminiyamu zesinyithi lwenzeka kwi eziko, amaziko induction, ezisisiseko eziko ioksijini.

alloying ngensimbi

Ukuze ufumane iipropati ezithile ngentsimbi, ukwakhiwa kwayo ilungiselelwayo dopants ezizodwa. Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili intsila eso ukuqina ukuya deformations ezahlukeneyo, amacandelo ezithembekileyo kunye namanye amalungu noshowo ukunyuka kakhulu. Icima kunciphisa ipesenti neentanda kunye nezinye izifo. Ngokufuthi, indlela enjalo Ukwanda kusetyenziswa izinto ezahlukeneyo zakubonelela ukuxhathisa umhlwa imichiza. Kodwa kukho ezinye kuneengxaki. Zifuna processing ezongezelelweyo, amathuba aphezulu isahlakalo lwamathanda impandla. Ukongeza, oko konyusa iindleko eziphathekayo. Iziqalelo alloying eqhelekileyo - chromium, nickel, Tungsten, molybdenum kunye ayibe. kwinkalo yobuchule babo sicelo kakhulu eliphezulu. Le zobunjineli, kunye nokuveliswa iinkcukacha kwemibhobho, izityalo amandla, moya kunye nangaphezulu.

Ingcamango ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokumelana nobushushu

Lokumelana ubushushu elithi ukuthini nokubanako zentsimbi okanye ingxubevange ukugcina zonke iimpawu zayo xa usebenzisa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Kwimeko enjalo ke sivame umhlwa igesi. Ngoko ke, lo mbandela kufuneka ilifa ukumelana wesenzo, oko kukuthi ukuba ubushushu ezingatshiyo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu ze asetyenziswa lobushushu enkulu kufuneka ibandakanye omabini la magama. Kuphela xa yodidi enjalo ubomi ngenkonzo efunekayo ukuze iindawo, izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha.

Features steel ubushushu-resistant

Kwiimeko apho amaqondo obushushu ufikelela amaxabiso aphezulu, kuba ifuna ukusetyenziswa aluminium leyo ayiyi kunityumza nokumelana deformation. Kulo mzekelo, i aluminiyamu ubushushu ezingatshiyo. Iqondo lobushushu zokusebenza izinto ezinjalo - ngentla 500 ° C. Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo eziphawula intsimbi ofanayo umda unyamezelo eliphezulu, plasticity, nto leyo egcinelwe ixesha elide kwakunye ukuxhathisa lokuphumla. Kukho ezininzi ikwazi ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa ukuxhathisa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu: ayibe, Tungsten, molybdenum. Kwaye icandelo esisinyanzelo na chromium. Yena akabi kunjalo kakhulu kuchaphazela amandla, oko kwandisa kwinkcaso onge. Chrome kwakhona kunqanda iinkqubo umhlwa. Olunye uphawu ebalulekileyo aluminium yolu hlobo - a enyakanyakeni kade.

Classification ubushushu yodidi ukumelana lobume

Ubushushu-ukumelana nobushushu-resistant aluminium na udidi ferritic, martensitic, austenitic kunye nesakhiwo feritno martensitic. Eyokuqala yakhiwa malunga nama-30% chromium. Emva unyango olulodwa uba entle isakhiwo okuziinkozo. Ukuba iqondo lobushushu ubushushu lidlula 850ºS, kuyanda okuziinkozo, kunye izinto ezifana nobushushu-enganyangekiyo zaqina. amabakala Martensitic lubonakala ngokuba isiqulatho chromium we ukususela nge-4% ukuya kwi-12%. Nickel nabo babe khona ngezixa ezincinane, Tungsten kunye nezinye izinto. Kubo ukuvelisa iinxalenye turbines, mbobo kwisithuthi. Yodidi aye kubume balo martensite kunye ferrite, ofanelekileyo ukuba umsebenzi kwiqondo lobushushu rhoqo aphezulu kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide. Umxholo chromium ifikelela-14%. Austenite lufumaneka ngokuthi unike ubushushu aluminiyamu nickel enganyangekiyo. Steel nge isakhiwo okufanayo yemiyinge ezininzi.

aluminiyamu nickel-based

Nickel lineqela iipropati luncedo. Yena kunempembelelo entle machinability yenziwe ngentsimbi (zombini ashushu nabandayo). Ukuba into okanye isixhobo yenzelwe ukusebenza kwiindawo esiqatha, nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi lwesi sakhi ngokubonakalayo kwandisa ukuxhathisa umhlwa. izinto nickel-kwisiseko Tshisa-resistant ukuba yahlulwe maqela alandelayo: ubushushu-ukumelana nobushushu ukumelana ngokwalo. Le yokugqibela kufuneka abe neempawu ubushushu-enganyangekiyo ubuncinane. amaqondo yokuyisebenzisa ukufika 1200 ° C. Ngaphezu ilawulwa chromium okanye titanium. Akumangalisi, steel exutyiweyo nge-nickel, kufuneka imali encinane ubumdaka ezifana barium, nemagnesium, boron, ke ngoko, imida okuziinkozo abaninzi lwesamente. Superalloys yolu hlobo ziyafumaneka ngohlobo kwaphunyezwa, liqengqiwe. Kwakhona iinkcukacha ehle kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndawo isicelo - elements yokuvelisa ze turbines igesi. Ubushushu-enganyangekiyo aluminiyamu nickel-base babe sisincoko yaye ukuya kwi-30% chromium. Sibaphatha kakuhle ukutshayela, welding. Ukongeza, umlo ukukalwa iphezulu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa kwabo kwinkqubo wegesi.

Ubushushu ukumelana steel, titanium ingxubevange

Titanium usiwe imali encinci (0.3%). Kule meko kwandisa amandla ingxubevange. Ukuba umxholo wayo kakhulu ephakamileyo, ezinye maxongo iimpawu zoomatshini (lukhuni, amandla). Kodwa ke plasticity lo uhlumisayo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukusebenza ngentsimbi. Xa ufakwe titanium kunye namanye amacandelo unako ukuphucula kakhulu iimpawu-lobushushu eliphezulu. Ukuba kukho imfuneko yokuba ukusebenza kwi-bume engentle (ingakumbi kwimeko xa ulwakhiwo kubandakanya welding), i element alloying iikhemikhali data uyaqinisekiswa.

aluminiyamu ayibe

A isixa esikhulu ayibe (ukuya kwi-80%) isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ezifana superalloys nobushushu aluminium ukumelana, ekubeni kunqabile isetyenziswa ngendlela yayo enyulu. ulawulo lwakhe uphucula ductility kwakunye ukuxhathisa phantsi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Kwaye ke aphezulu oko, kungona isixa ayibe ifakwe ingxubevange. Kwezinye isitampu nokuqulethileyo ifikelela-30%. Enye inkalo uphawu kwezi yodidi - ukuphuculwa iipropati ngemagnethi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ayibe, ukusetyenziswa yalo kunokuba kangako.

Impembelelo molybdenum kwi superalloys

isiqalelo chemical esebenzayo kuchaphazela ngokubonakalayo amandla umbandela kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ingakumbi ngempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nezinye izinto. It kuphula yobulukhuni ngentsimbi (sele kwi Umxholo ka-0.3%). uqine kwandisa. Inomnye umsebenzi omhle ukuba babe superalloys doped molybdenum - iqondo elikhulu ukuxhathisa iinkqubo oxidative. Molybdenum inegalelo ukulungiswa okuziinkozo. Esi sithintelo ke nobunzima iwelding.

Amanye yodidi ezizodwa aluminium

Ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ifuna izixhobo babe iipropati ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, nathi sithethe ngayo ukusetyenziswa aluminium ezizodwa, nto leyo ibe zombini exutyiweyo kunye carbon. Iseti lokugqibela iimpawu ezifunekayo zabubamba ngenxa yokuba nokwenziwa aluminiyamu nokulungiswa wabo technology ekhethekileyo. Enye aluminiyamu ezizodwa yodidi zahlulwe zibe noshowo zomculo. Phakathi ngxaki iphambili kolu hlobo izinto ezi zilandelayo: ukuxhathisa umhlwa banxibe iinkqubo, ukukwazi ukusebenza kwi-bume engentle, yandisa iimpawu mechanical. Kolu luhlu kukho intsimbi ubushushu-ukumelana kunye aluminium kunye lobushushu yokusebenza eliphezulu intsimbi cryogenic into enokumelana ukuya ku -296ºS.

isixhobo steel

Kuba nokuveliswa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa isixhobo sentsimbi okhethekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zomsebenzi ngezinto ezahlukeneyo Kwakhona ekhethiweyo ngamnye. Ekubeni mishini kunokuba iimfuneko eziphakamileyo, kwaye iimpawu aluminium ukuba imveliso zabo ngokufanelekileyo; zimele zibe msulwa ubumdaka yangaphandle, inclusions yenkqubo deoxidation lwenziwa kakuhle phandle, kunye nesakhiwo eyohlobo olulodwa. Kuba izixhobo zokulinganisela kubalulekile ukuba yokusebenza ezinzileyo kunye nokumelana banxibe. Ethetha izixhobo ukusika, ukuba zisebenza kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo (edge zokufudumeza kwenzeka), ezirhabaxa kunye deformation. Ngako oko, kuba oko kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina yobulukhuni zaseprayimari xa itshiswe. Olunye uhlobo lwesixhobo ensimbi - speed eliphezulu. Ngokusisiseko, kuba exutyiweyo kunye Tungsten. Ukuqina kugcinwa lobushushu malunga 600 ° C. Kukho kwakhona kufa yodidi. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba deformation zombini ashushu nabandayo.

Scope aluminiyamu injongo ekhethekileyo

Amashishini ezisebenzisa aluminium ezineempawu ezizodwa ebekwe. Ngenxa yokuba umgangatho wayo ophezulu, ukuba sele zobunjineli, ukwakha, neshishini le- petroleum. Ubushushu-ukumelana nobushushu-resistant aluminium zisetyenziswa ekwenziweni yeekhomponenti turbines, izahlulo iimoto. Yodidi leyo abe iimpawu eziphakamileyo anticorrosive, kubalulekile ukuba imveliso kwemibhobho, carburetors iinaliti, disks, izinto ezahlukeneyo lweshishini lemichiza. NaLindiili ngenxa kaloliwe, amabhakethi, izithuthi ezinqunquthayo - isiseko zonke ezi yodidi banxibe ezingatshiyo. Xa ngobuninzi nezitshixo, izikrufu kunye izinto ezifana nazo ezisetyenziswa aluminiyamu automaton. Imithombo kufuneka elastic ngokwaneleyo ixesha elide. Ngako oko, kuba kubo impahla nto spring ngentsimbi. Ukuze kuphuculwe olu phawu kokuba exutyiweyo ngakumbi chromium, molybdenum. Zonke aluminiyamu ezizodwa yodidi neqela iimpawu ezithile nga ukunciphisa iindleko iindawo apho ngaphambili kusetyenziswa iintsimbi non-ayoni.