Yintoni ikhowudi yezofuzo: iziseko

Kuyo nayiphi iseli, yaye zonke iimpawu yokwakheka lomzimba, umlinganiswa morphological kwaye zisebenza emiselwe isakhiwo iiprothini, ezifakwe kuzo. impahla ilifa ephilayo kukukwazi nokulungelelanisa iiproteni ezithile. I- DNA ye asidi acid zicwangciswe kwikhonkco polypeptide apho zixhomekeke kwiimpawu eziphilayo.
Iseli nganye luphawulwa ngokulandelelana kwayo nucleotides kwikhonkco polynucleotide ye DNA. Le ikhowudi yezofuzo ye-DNA. Esebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe ebhaliweyo malunga Yindibanisela iiprothini ezithile. Leyo ikhowudi yezofuzo lweepropati bayo kunye nolwazi genetic zigutyungelwe kweli nqaku.

A incinane

Ingcamango yokuba mhlawumbi kukho ikhowudi yezofuzo, siye saqulunqwa kwaye Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Bachaza ukuba ukulandelelana nucleotides leyo inoxanduva Yindibanisela asidi ezithile acid, iquka amakhonkco ubuncinane ezintathu. Kamva ukuzabalaza imali echanekileyo nucleotides ezintathu (iyunithi le ikhowudi yezofuzo), nto leyo kuthiwa triplet okanye codon. Xa zizonke, kukho amathandathu anesine nucleotides, kuba molecule asidi, apho Yindibanisela protein okanye RNA, sakhiwa zeentsalela nucleotide ezahlukeneyo ezine.

Yintoni ikhowudi yezofuzo

Indlela acid acid ulandelelwano protein ikhowudi ulandelelwano ngokusebenzisa nucleotides eziqhelekileyo zonke iiseli eziphilayo eziphilayo. Nantso into ikhowudi yezofuzo.
Xa DNA, kukho nucleotides ezine:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Bona omiselwe oonobumba abakhulu e-Latin okanye (ngoncwadi Russian) Russian.
I-RNA iqulethe nucleotide ezine, kodwa enye yazo yahlukile evela DNA:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

Zonke nucleotides zilungiselelwe kwikhonkco, nto leyo ifunyenwe kwi kweleli kabini DNA kunye RNA - single.
Iiproteni zisekelwe acid amabini, ababesona akhe ngolandelelwano ethile ezimiselwe ngeempawu zalo omzalayo.

Iimpawu ikhowudi yezofuzo

Triplet. Iyunithi ye ikhowudi yezofuzo iqulathe iileta ezintathu, yinto triplet. Oku kuthetha ukuba wamashumi amabini anesithathu acid ezikhoyo ezibhalwe iikhowudi yi nucleotides ezithile, ebizwa codons okanye trilpetami. Kukho amathandathu anesine yemithi anokwenziwa ukusuka nucleotides ezine. Esi sixa-mali ngaphezulu kwe ngokwaneleyo uku encoder acid mabini.
Degeneracy. acid acid nganye ingqamana codon ngaphezu kwesinye, ngaphandle methionine kunye tryptophan.
Yokuvelela. Enye codon buqonda esidi acid enye. Ngokomzekelo, xa isakhi lomntu esempilweni kunye nolwazi malunga ekujoliswe haemoglobin beta triplet gag kunye GAA buqonda glutamic acid. Kwaye bonke abagulayo kunye irhengqa-iseli anemia, omnye nucleotide kuguquliwe.
Collinear. Ulandelelwano acid acid usoloko elivumelana ulandelelwano nucleotide equlethe sofuzo.
Ikhowudi yezofuzo kuyaqhubeka kwaye compact, nto leyo ethetha ukuba akudingeki "iziphumlisi". Oko kukuthi, ukuqala kwindawo codon ethile i readout okuqhubekayo. Umzekelo, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG ifundwe: uAUG, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Kodwa hayi uAUG, Ugg njalo okanye ngenye indlela.
Nsimbi. Nguye enye ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke eziphila, ukususela abantu intlanzi, umngundo kunye neentsholongwane.

itheyibhile

Le theyibhile angezanga zonke acid. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, nabanye azifumaneki, ngenxa yokuba zivela kwamanye acid ikhodi yi mRNA kunye neprothini ngenxa emva kokulungiswa ngenxa translation.
Ngenxa yokuba ikhowudi yezofuzo waziwa kakuhle kwiipropati egu- mnye codon encoding omnye acid acid. Le Okungumahluko imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo kunye kweekhowudi valine kunye methionine, ikhowudi yezofuzo. MRNA, lo gama ekuqaleni a codon, izibandakanya tRNA ethwele formylmethionyl-. Ekugqityweni kwale njini, kwaye isisihla ngokwayo nokhupho ukuba formyl ezinkulu, similise methionine abaseleyo. Ngoko ke, lo codons zingasentla lwabasunguli njini chain polypeptides. Ukuba nje enayinyusayo kwasekuqaleni, wena akukho kwahluka kwabanye.

ulwazi zofuzo

Phantsi kolu luvo kuthetha iimpawu, nto leyo idluliselwe esivela kwizinyanya program. Ihlala ufuzo njenge ikhowudi yezofuzo.
Yaphunyezwa protein amagama ikhowudi yezofuzo RNA (asidi ribonucleic) :

• Ulwazi kunye RNA;
• tRNA izithuthi;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Ulwazi ezidluliselwa feedforward (DNA-RNA-protein) kwaye umva (eliphakathi-protein-DNA).
Eziphilayo abaliqondayo, ivenkile, ukutshintshwa, kwaye yisebenzise ngexesha elifanayo kakhulu kakuhle.
Edluliselwa yi lilifa, ulwazi imisela uphuhliso ephilayo. Kodwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwimeko basabela lokugqibela egqwethekileyo, yaye ngaloo ndlela chavelela kunye nophuhliso. Ngoko ke umzimba iyafakwa ulwazi olutsha.

Ukubalwa imithetho ezinto eziphilayo kokufunyanwa ikhowudi yezofuzo ziye kuboniswe ukuba kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa genetics wokuvukela zikaDarwin ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ingcamango zokwenziwa of yendaleko - biology non-yamandulo.
Yofuzo, ukuguquka kunye zivunywa Darwin zincediswe zemfuza kumiselwa ukhetho. Evolution olwenziwa kwinqanaba zofuzo nokuguquka random kunye nelifa, iimpawu zexabiso ukuba kakhulu malilungiselelwe bume.

Abawacazululayo ikhodi umntu

Ekupheleni koo-, laqalisa iprojekthi Human Our, nto leyo amaqhekeza ezimbini-eliwaka bafumanisa zofuzo, equlethe 99,99% zofuzo zabantu. Wahlala iziqwenga lokungaziwayo musa inxaxheba Yindibanisela iiprothini kwaye ekwi khowudi. indima yabo uhlala ayaziwa.

ezisanda ngo-2006 Chromosome 1 mde kwigenome. izifo ngaphezu amathathu, anamanci mahlanu, kuquka umhlaza, kwenzeka ngenxa ukunyhashwa kunye zofuzo kulo.

Indima yophando ayide ikwazi nemikhuba. Xa kuvulwa, nto leyo ikhowudi yezofuzo, oko kwazeka imithetho ke uphuhliso, kwakheka njenge isakhiwo morphological, sengqondo, ukuthambekela kwizifo ezithile, ukutya kunye zingalunganga ngabanye.