Zenyathi: gun Shuvalov zokudubula Russian

Ukusebenzisa catapults ukuba atshabalalise utshaba kumgama ngayo lwalusenziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Isisombululo ebalulekileyo ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zokudubula kwenzeka emva kokuba ukubonakala kwazo. Catapults yinto elidlulileyo, kwafakwa yi imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo ngemipu, howitzers kunye mortars. Ukutshintsha ngamaqhinga imfazwe kubangele ukuphucuka izixhobo zokudubula. Enye iisampulu ezininzi ogqibeleleyo kwinkulungwane ye-18 na inqu emqeleni shaka Shuvalov.

Utshintsho lwe smoothbore zokudubula

Kweli thuba ukusuka XVIII izitshintshe ngenkulungwane XIX ye izixhobo oko yaqhutyelwa ngumkhosi bexhobe Tsarist Russia: kube lula yaye emanyeneyo. Utshintsho abachaphazelekayo ubude zokudubula nezinyuko kweendonga zawo. Ngokuphawulekayo inciphise inani calibers kunye friezes - izivatho kwi emthini. Ngenxa kumanyano kwenzeka ukusebenzisa iindawo efanayo izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Zenyathi (gun) - A isixhobo esitsha sele samkelwe phantsi umyalelo feldtseyhmeystera Jikelele (Chief of zokudubula) Bala Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer kule ngongoma isusiwe ukusuka kwinkonzo yomkhosi yasebukhosini. guqula wachitha ichonge umntu zokudubula Russian kwi-1812 imfazwe.

imisebenzi yoyilo

Amagosa Team of abathungi bakhokelwa Count Shuvalov wathabatha iminyaka embalwa ukusebenza ekudalweni izixhobo ezitsha kunye nokuphucuka ude zaneliswe imodeli yabo - umpu entsha - Shuvalov zenyathi. "Phindani ngokwakho" - zinika iingcibi mihla ezizodwa iziza, ukubonelela zonke imizobo eziyimfuneko kunye noyilo. Yenza sisixhobo ngemizobo ezikhoyo ukulungele - umsebenzi lula kakhulu kunalowo kwafuneka lijongane kubanini umpu. Ekubeni inzululwazi ngelo xesha kude izibalo yeengcingane, basebenza imodeli entsha umpu eyenziwa ngamava abuhlungu.

Ngenxa yoko-experimenti ezininzi, ngaphandle zenqu uya kundiphendula, kukho ezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngemipu, uninzi lwazo yalahlwa. Enye yezi iisampula alithathwanga ngumkhosi Russian kwinkonzo, ukuba dvuhstvolny pushki- "amawele". Le piece zokudubula yaba-umphanda ezimbini ukhwele inqwelo.

Sokudubula kule isixhobo lwaqhutywa nge buckshot, olu sapho lwaluquka kwizinti zentsimbi ezinqunqiweyo. Bekucingelwa ukuba isiphumo ngokudubula a projectile ezinjalo bekuya kuba enkulu. Emva kokuba uvavanyo, kwafumaniseka ukuba intsebenzo yakhe kunaso ezimbini andilunganga ngaphezu eqhelekileyo-barreled single.

Yintoni na inqu emqeleni (gun)?

zokudubula Russian ukususela 1757 yafakwa ngesixhobo amatsha oluphuhlisiweyo ngamagosa M. V. Danilovym kunye M. G. Martynovym. Esi sixhobo wadalwa ukuze endaweni imipu elide-barreled kunye howitzers. igama layo - zenyathi - Cannon wafumana isilwanyana wasentsomini ukuba uchazwa kwi ingubo iingalo Count P. I. Shuvalova.

Oku ethile umpu zokudubula Russian ezidityanisiweyo ngokwayo iimpawu ngemipu kunye howitzers, yenzelwe ukuqhuba umlilo caba egosogoso. Zenqu uya kundiphendula ezi sekhe elifutshane. umphanda imveliso Shuvalovskie une isiteshi okweqanda apho ubukhulu tye izihlandlo eziliqela umkhulu kunothe nkqo. Kule eyahluke evela amaqhekeza wezinto zokudubula. Boko of inqu emqeleni enemilo i cone elimbhoxo. Xa adubula yayo inikeza tye eshukumayo necala eya bhokisi. Ngaba guns eliphuma inkoliso isigxina wehla waya emhlabeni, okanye zibhabha phezu kweentloko yotshaba.

Kukhokelela ukuguqula zokudubula yasebukhosini

Emva yotshintsho umbandela kwinkonzo kwi umkhosi Russian yabonakala Inyathi. Umpu, nto leyo ifumaneka ngezantsi komfanekiso, amelwe eziphuculiweyo umpu zokudubula, apho oludibanisa iipropati best elandulela izixhobo badubula.

Martynov noDaniyeli imveliso ngelo xesha ingqalelo kakhulu ogqibeleleyo, kuba kakuhle kunye iisampuli efanayo ndandifeketha yabo uphume. Malunga neminyaka elikhulu wasebenzisa royal gun umkhosi inqu, ogama imizobo ndamcelayo Russian namahlakani ayo Austria ngo-1760.

Yintoni eyenza imodeli entsha esuka zokudubula zakudala?

Ukuphucula izixhobo isikhokelo uvakalelo kujoliswe abayili bamajikazi ukuba ukuphuhlisa diopter elula, nto leyo lixhotyiswe zenyathi. Umpu yafakwa kunye umpu, nto leyo slot kunye emehlweni ngaphambili. kwaba kathathu ngaphezu koko ezinye izicwili zokudubula ukudutyulwa lomqolo imveliso Shuvalov. Zenqu uya kundiphendula enobunzima aphantsi ngemipu eqhelekileyo, kodwa rate kunye isigxina umthamo enkulu. Ayehlukile edubula. Ukukwazi ukuvelisa umlilo ngamajoni intloko elifakiweyo isikhokelo luphawu uphawu isixhobo esinjalo, efana zenyathi. Umpu, owandulela lo isixhobo esitsha wawukwazi ukuba ukuphumeza umlilo kuphela ingca.

Yintoni projectiles wadubula i model zaphuculwa?

Shuvalov kunaso nako ukudubula zibhombu, ezo oonokrwece ezibuhlazarha ungqukuva ezaliswe wompu abamnyama kwaye lifakelwe nombhobho zomthi, iifyuzi. Oku inqu iyafana short-howitzers. Ayehlukile zibiza isantya kunye noluhlu. amazinga zenqu baba izihlandlo ezibini ngaphezu howitzers.

Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwezi umphakathi kunye bhokisi ezahlukeneyo Inyathi. Cannon (Classic) yayinenjongo kuphela ukugcina flatness le ukudubula. Xa ufuna ukucima umlilo phezu lutshaba, imipu ezindala behambe nomkhosi phambili: ukuphakama yabo ingadluli degrees-15, lo gama i-buti Shuvalov inqu emqeleni wavuswa ngenxa ngokudubula degrees 45.

Isixhobo ethole

Phambi zenqu imikhosi Russian kanye zaseYurophu basebenzisa ubukhulu kunaso 18-25 kwaye 6-8 howitzers abanjalo. ubude gauge wayezimisele ratio gear ubudeki balo esiqwini. gun Classical ngelo xesha akazange mayixhotyiswe lizulu, ngoko ke kuthiwa nayo beskamornoy. Isiteshi Umphanda kwi umpu ocande ezantsi, apho ebekhona uLazaro uhlobo eflethini okanye ngendlela ikhweyitha. Howitzer kuhle waba imilo zezindlu.

Zenqu uya kundiphendula baxhotyiswa lizulu, ezibe etsobhileyo ukumila kakuhle. Chamber isabelo angasemva yokwehla sangqa ekonookrwece zokudubula bezisebenzisile zokubeka kartuznyh iintlawulo.

Imilo saba ikhowuni thumbanails, eyaphelela ezantsi ungqukuva 2 kunye nobunzulu gauge. Ngenxa izakhiwo ezinjalo, xa ezijongeneyo imipu ekujoliswe oluqinisekisa ogqibeleleyo egxile kunye projectile ballistics.

Inkqubo yokulayisha imipu ezintsha Camore etsobhileyo kuba lula yaye ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa howitzers egumbini zezindlu. Ngenxa kuyilo ngempumelelo inqu emqeleni waba ubunzima ephantsi, nto leyo iba nefuthe entle ukujika kwakhe. Emva 1808 e Shuvalovskie imipu endaweni yeza ukulenza esezantsi tyaba, akuba elirhangqiweyo. Ubunzulu kwamagumbi yehla.

Yintoni gun zokudubula wasebenzisa ngcono?

Zenqu uya kundiphendula esetyenziselwa avelise nobhedu nesinyithi. Field zokudubula yafakwa ngezixhobo ngobhedu funt ezintathu. Pudova gun yale izinto ezazisetyenziswa zokungqinga zokudubula. Kuba umhlaba ekujongwe zenqu mane-iponti, ezenziwe kwesinyithi.

Cannon model ngonyaka 1757

Njengoko zenyathi eyoyikekayo odnopudovy ayizange ingenelwe umpu-elinesibhozo. ubunzima yakhe 1048 kg. 64 neekhilogram ngaphantsi kwe umpu. Kule isixhobo Shuvalovskie ebonakala yokuhamba. Ngokutsho iimpawu zazo Committe kunye nobugcisa odnopudovy Inyathi umphathi-imina ezintandathu kunaso, nto leyo 1734 kwakujongwa njengeyona elula amaqhekeza zokudubula endle. Shuvalov abantwana yajika kuba imipu iikhilogram ezilishumi kukhanya balihlutha ukusebenza enkulu etshabalalisayo xa ukudubula buckshot. zenyathi Odnopudovy Ugqwesile kwaye twatse xa howitzer weight. nemiphumela emibi ngenxa yomlilo okanye Ziyaqhubeka ukuqhekeka iziqhushumbisi ukusuka akumgangatho inkanunu kwi iinqaba utshaba izihlandlo ezibini ngaphezulu ukusuka iziqhushumbisi oluqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa odnopudovaya howitzer.

Njengoko ubukhulu uzimisele?

Ide gauge womlinganiselo ngenkulungwane XIX lwaqhutywa kungekhona netoti umjelo umphanda. Isetyenziselwe zokudubula weapon liqalise le ubunzima noqikelelo ngumongo. Emva kokuvavanywa trehpudovogo inqu emqeleni ukuvuleka leyo 320 mm, kwafumaniseka ukuba esi sixhobo unzima kakhulu ixesha elide xa kulayishwa. Iqela of abathungi zokusebenza kunye nale modeli koombayimbayi wayeka.

Yintoni isizathu abasebenze Shuvalovskie imipu?

• Ngaphambi kokuqalisa inqu emqeleni adubule kukhokelela le njongo.
• Ukukhulisa usehlisa le breech gun ngokusebenzisa izixhobo abalibona - ngezikhonkwane.
• Ukuze flip iingalo tye zokuxhathisa ezikhethekileyo eyanikezwayo yi nabayili.
• Ukulungisa ejoliswe imipu utshaba kaThixo ezintweni kuthwalelwa phandle.
• Ucinezelo powder evela umsonto, nto leyo lixhotyiswe ukukhanya elilingwayo.
• Kuba ngemipu kunye zenqu uya kundiphendula ekuthethwa ngomlomo: core, iziqhushumbisi neendebe tin ezaliswe ngocingo luyacolwa zinqunqwe (bhokisi) ibekwe ibe isixhobo ngokusebenzisa umphanda. Ngelo inqu kwangaxeshanye Shell ukusuka phezulu umphanda libetha cone tapered yaye ibihleli ivaliwe seyifumaneka ubunzima bayo kukho isigxina ngumgubo abamnyama, awayenzayo vyshibalnuyu umsebenzi.
• Ngexesha ukutshiswa kokwenziwa kwasekwa imali eyaneleyo lwamandla ejecting le projectile ukusuka umphanda. Emva zenqu qambo ngcono kakhulu ukusebenza kwezi ziqwenga zokudubula. iimveliso Shuvalov ukusuka ukutshiswa eneji wompu ukuba kwiNgxowa ngokupheleleyo endandiyenza projectile kunokuba kuzanywa ngokusebenzisa izikhewu ezindongeni umgqomo, njengoko kwakunjalo ngemipu eziqhelekileyo.
• Emva ngasinye wadubula lo zokudubula umphanda icocwe Bannik - iibhrashi ezizodwa, ezisetyenziswa lokuvelisa isigubungelo ngezintsu iigusha.

Yintoni na ke ukugqithisela i-gun elifutshane?

• uyilo zokudubula zenyathi ngaphantsi kwe umpu njengesiqhelo, kodwa ngaphezu ngodaka.
• Le mveliso Shuvalova igrafu iye ibalwe ngenxa umgama ukuya ku namawaka amathathu. Zokulinganisa. Eli banga ixesha njengento ebalulekileyo.
• Mfutshane umphanda zenyathi yaphakamisa ichanile. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba imveliso imiphanda kuba zokudubula ukuba ayaphelela: ubukho yezitenxo obungabonakaliyo phezu engaphakathi umphanda ezinokutshintsha isikhokelo a projectile elinikiweyo, zenzeka rhoqo. Ixesha elide wompu, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka ubukho yezitenxo ezinjalo. Ukunciphisa buti kwanciphisa ezinxaxhileyo oluqukuqelayo kunye nokujikeleziswa ongeke amaqokobhe ngexesha zokudubula, yaye oku, nayo, iye yaphucula ngokuchaneka hits.
• Ukunciphisa ubungakanani buti kwaba nempembelelo entle kulayishwa Isantya. Ngaphambi kokufika zenqu eqhelekileyo guns elilodwa ehluthwe imizuzu engama-15 ubuncinane.
• Shuvalov imipu nokulawula inkqubo kwilori kwaba lula. Ukongeza, le umphanda elifutshane landa ukunyuka isidanga ukuya 45. Eli nani abukhange bufikelelwe ngenxa ngompu oluqhelekileyo.

Shuvalov zenyathi. Yenza kube ngokwakho

Yourselfers abafuna ukuba izandla ukwenza iimodeli izixhobo ze ingqokelela yakho, ufanele wazi ukuba phambi kokuba uqale mveliso ubeko Inyathi, kufuneka ukuba phambi kwamehlo am isampula imveliso elizayo. imodeli iNkosi Kulula yokwenza iphepha. Kule nkqubo, kubalulekile ukuba sigcine isikali enye. Oku kusetyenziswa yokudlala joni, nge nesiya kubophelela ukuba kubeko amaqokobhe zokudubula elizayo nemilinganiselo elinokuvela omzimba womntu. Xa ikhadibhodi master ongumzekelo wenza kakuhle, unako uqhubeke eyimveliso efanayo, kodwa kweenkuni.

Xa usebenza ngale nto, kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise lacquer, koko siphinde sibambe kunye iinkcukacha ezincinane kunye nokuthintela ukufuduka kwabo. Ukuze guns waba kumphezulu tyaba, kufuneka ziphathwe iifayile inaliti. Le mveliso Kucetyiswa ukuba ityalwa le sulfate ubhedu eqhelekileyo, leyo zingathengwa kwivenkile zekhompyutha. inkqubo ukumitha Sam ixesha elide: sulphate lobhedu kufuneka exutywe kwisikhongozelo encinane apho, ukuba athi nkxu umpu amathuba. Njengoko umpu iya mnyama, kufuneka zisuswe yesisombululo kusingathwa ngokusebenzisa babezizwa okanye paste (GOI okanye asidola). Le nkqubo iya kwenziwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Emva komhlaba izixhobo unyango iya kuba lililo umbala ngobhedu.

isiphelo

Kwinkulungwane XVIII izityalo zentsimbi ngaphakathi Urals zazijongwa kwisakhiwo omkhulu mveliso, ukuvelisa metal ngaphezu kulo naliphi na ilizwe Western eYurophu. A isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda ezifunekayo ukuze Count Shuvalov wenza kube lula ukuqonda projekthi yethu zobunjineli. Ngenxa yemveliso beyunithi kwasekuqaleni 1759 abasebenzi zaphoswa imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo 477 of inqu emqeleni: imipu waba calibers amathandathu ndamlinganisela phakathi kwe-340 kg ukuya 3.5 tonnes.

Zenqu uya kundiphendula esebenzisekayo aphumelele emfazweni nxamnye Turks, leyo wamnika uloyiso phezu Tsarist Russia eCrimea kunye New Russia. Ubukho kwale zokudubula ngenkulungwane ye-18 wavumela umkhosi Russian ukuba yomeleleyo Europe.