Ubukho nangomoya zabantu. Umongo yentanda yomntu

Undoqo womntu - oko yingcamango bulumko ebonisa iimpawu zendalo kunye neempawu analo ukuba lokuba bonke abantu ngendlela enye okanye omnye, evelela nabo kwezinye iintlobo zobomi kunye nokuzalwa. Unako ukuhlangabezana iindidi izimvo ngalo mba. Kwabaninzi, le ngcamango ibonakala ilula, yaye ngokufuthi ngaloo nto, akukho mntu ucinga. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba kukho naliphi na iziko elithile, okanye, ubuncinane, loo Akukwazi. Abanye bathi ukuba knowable, wabeka phambili iintlobo iingqiqo. Enye kwincopho eqhelekileyo lwembono - ukuba umongo abantu ezinxulumene ngqo umntu, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo edibene psyche, nto leyo ethetha ukwazi zakutshanje, sinako ukuqonda uhlobo umntu.

imiba ephambili

Eyona predpossylkoy Ubukho nabani zoluntu nokusebenza yomzimba wakhe. Kuyinto - yinxalenye yehlabathi zemvelo kuthi. Ukusuka lo mbono, umntu into phakathi kwezinye izinto kunye inxalenye yokuzivelela kwezinto zendalo. Kodwa le nkcazo sinqongophele kwaye oyithatha indima kubomi obunentsebenzo abazi ngamnye, akayi ngaphaya yaza iimpawu kwisixando-nzulu ngezinto eziphathekayo kwiinkulungwane 17-18.

In ntetho yanamhlanje ngayo loo mntu - hayi nje inxalenye yendalo, kodwa imveliso liphezulu wophuhliso lwawo, inkxaso ngendlela zentlalo nasekusungulweni mbandela. Kwaye nje "imveliso", kodwa uMdali. Kuyinto isidalwa esebenzayo, sanikwa amandla obomi ngokohlobo ubuchule kunye notyekelo. Ngenxa abazi, inyathelo ngenjongo, oko ngenkuthalo litshintsha esingqongileyo ngethuba kwezi nguqu buyahluka ngokwayo. Injongo nobunyani, abasebenzi ukutshintsha, iba ubunyani bomntu, "indalo yesibini", "ihlabathi womntu." Ngoko ke, lo mba yobomi umanyano endalo kunye nolwazi yokomoya umenzi, oko kukuthi, umlinganiswa zentlalo zembali. Inkqubo yokuphucula ubugcisa kunye Imboni incwadi evulekileyo amagunya ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Ukuyifunda, unako ukuza ekuqondeni elithi "yindalo yomntu" kwi objectified, ifomu intengiso, njengoko kungekuphela ingcamango abstract. Izakufunyanwa kwi uhlobo lomsebenzi substantive, xa kukho intsebenziswano dialectical yezinto zendalo, zokudala amagunya yomntu kunye isakhiwo ethile kwezentlalo noqoqosho.

Le didi "ubukho"

Eli gama libhekisela elimisiweyo ukuba ngamnye kubomi bemihla ngemihla. ke bekubonakalisiwe undoqo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, unxulumano olomeleleyo zonke iintlobo zokuziphatha ngamnye, izakhono zalo kunye ubukho nasekusungulweni inkcubeko yabantu. Ubukho eziluhlobo kutyeba kakhulu kwaye, njengokuba uhlobo yokuvakalisa yayo, zibandakanya, ukongeza ngokubonakala kwamandla oluntu, njengoko iyantlukwano iimpawu zentlalo, ukuziphatha, bemvelo kunye nasengqondweni. Kuphela ubunye omabini la magama enza yokwenene yabantu.

Le didi "yindalo yomntu"

Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ubume babantu siyichongile, kunye nemfuneko ingqiqo eyahlukileyo sele imibuzo. Kodwa ke uphuhliso eziphilayo, izifundo bombutho uvaleke lobuchopho, Nokubengezelisa genome ukujonga kulo mtshato ngendlela entsha. Umbuzo ophambili kukuba ingaba kukho rhoqo, uhlobo yakhiwe na indoda ayingaphandle zonke iimpembelelo, nokuba zeplastiki kunye nendalo etshintshayo.

Sobulumko F. fukuyama United States ukholelwa ukuba kukho enye, kwaye iqinisekisa rhoqo lomsebenzi nokuqinisekisa uzinzo yobukho bethu njenge uhlobo, kwakunye unqulo lwamaxabiso zethu ezininzi ezingundoqo nakwimigangatho ebalulekileyo. Enye ingcali yenzululwazi evela Melika S.Pinker, ichaza yobuntu njenge iseti iimvakalelo, amakhono engqondweni nezisusa neqhelekileyo abantu ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo luvo. Ukusuka kwezi nkcazelo kulandela ukuba iimpawu yabantu zichazwe iipropati eziphilayo njengelifa. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba ubuchopho imisela kuphela ithuba ukuyilwa nobuchule, kodwa hayi izinto zabo.

"Isiseko i"

Asingabo bonke abakholwayo ingqikelelo "kakuhle abantu 'ezisemthethweni. Ngokutsho kwicala efana ebomini, umntu akanayo i ethile iintlobo-ntle, njengokuba yena "okuse ngokwalo." UKarl Jaspers, inkulu ummeli wayo babekholelwa ukuba Sciences ezifana kwabantu, amalungu, kunye nabanye zinika ulwazi kuphela imiba ethile ethile yobukho bomntu, kodwa awukwazi ukungena kwi umongo walo, nto leyo ebomini (ukhona). Oosonzululwazi bakholelwa ukuba ungakwazi ukuhlola ngamnye imiba eyahlukeneyo - in amalungu njengoko umzimba, xa isosioloji - ntle a lezentlalo, ngezengqondo - umphefumlo, njalo njalo, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni ubuntu babantu kuba wayesoloko ingaphezulu kancinci kunaye lingaba nomthelela. Sondela lo mbono, kunye neo-positivists. Bathi bakuphikayo ukuba kukho umntu na into enivumelana.

Umbono womntu

E Western Yurophu bakholelwa ukuba ipapashwe umsebenzi zobulumko baseJamani Scheller ( "indawo yomntu kwi Yonke"), kwakunye Plessner "Steps Organic Nawabantu" aphawula ukuqala ngo-1928 a Ukufundwa bulumko. A Inani zobulumko A.Gelen, N. Henstenberg (1904), E. Rothaker, O. Bollnov (1913) (1904-1976 gg.) (1888-1965 gg.) - lujolise ngokupheleleyo kuye. Iinkcuba yexesha wenza iimbono ezininzi zobulumko umntu nangoku ongazange alahlekelwe imilinganiselo yayo ocacisa. Umzekelo, uSocrates kuthiwa owayephila ngexesha bayazi ngokwabo. Ndandisithi yentanda ntsako oluntu kunye nentsingiselo yobomi ezihambisana ukuqonda umongo womntu. Ikhwelo uSocrates waqhubeka esithi: "Zazi wena - yaye uya konwaba!" Protagoras wayesithi ukuba umntu - Nomlinganiso izinto zonke.

E Greece yamandulo, okokuqala yaphakamisa umbuzo ngemvelaphi abantu, kodwa ke bengasenabuganga ngumyinge. ESirakusa sobulumko Empedocles kuqala ucingela ngendaleko, imvelaphi yendalo yomntu. Wayekholelwa ukuba konke okusehlabathini ihamba bubutshaba kunye nobuhlobo (yentiyo kunye nothando). Ngokutsho iimfundiso zikaPlato, umphefumlo, baphila empyrean ehlabathini. Wafanisa zabantu umphefumlo enqwelweni, nto leyo omphathi Will, nokukhokelwa iingqondo nengqondo. Iimvakalelo ndibudilize - izinto ulonwabo yomgrayo kunye Isizathu - up, ukuze uqonde postulates zokomoya. Lo ngumongo ubomi babantu.

Aristotle Ndabona abantu umphefumlo 3: nengqiqo, izilwanyana kunye nemifuno. umphefumlo kwezityalo inoxanduva ukukhula, ivuthwa kunye nokushwabana umzimba, isilwanyana - wokuba imibutho elwela inkululeko kunye noluhlu iimvakalelo ngokwasengqondweni, afanelekileyo - for self-lokuphumeza, ubomi bokomoya kunye nokucinga. siqonde ukuba kuqala Aristotle ukuba uyilo engundoqo womntu bubomi zakhe eluntwini, usenza njengokuba isilwanyana lwentlalo.

Wona amaStoyike wachaza yokuziphatha kunye ngokomoya, ubeke isiseko esiluqilima nemifanekiso ngaye sokuba yokuziphatha. Sinako ukukhumbula uDiogenes, owayehlala komgqomo, nto leyo lantern elikhanyayo emini ayilindele izihlwele zabantu. KumaXesha Aphakathi iimbono amandulo bagxeka kunye zisabonakala. Abameli Renaissance ubuyekeze jonga antique, sibeka umntu ehlabathini na iziko, aphawula ukuqala zobuntu.

Ngomhla umongo umntu

Dostoyevsky uthe undoqo umntu imfihlelo ekufuneka ukusombulula intsinda-badala, kwaye ke ngubani na oya silungiswe kwaye tirhisa bonke ubomi bakhe, ukuba uthi nto waba nexesha elimnandi. Engels wayekholelwa ukuba iingxaki zobomi bethu ziya kuconjululwa kuphela naxa kusaziwa ngokupheleleyo ngabantu ezifundisa iindlela zokufikelela oku.

Frolov iwuchaza njengesifundo of kwinkqubo yentlalo-yembali, njengokuba biosocial ukuba zemfuza kunxulumene nezinye iintlobo, nangona kunjalo, ehlukanisiwe ngenxa ukukwazi ukwenza izixhobo, intetho kunye abazi nokuba. Imvelaphi kunye nohlobo umntu inokulandwa alithembileyo imvelaphi endalo kunye zasendle. Ngokungafaniyo yokugqibela, abantu zibonakala nawabantu abe neempawu eziphambili zilandelayo: ezingqondweni, ukuzeyisa ulwazi, umsebenzi kunye nokuphila kwabantu.

Linnaeus, ukwahlula izilwanyana, kuquka abantu ebukumkanini yezilwanyana, kodwa wayisonga, kunye iinkawu amakhulu, ukuba udidi ezibumnturha. Homo sapiens ukuba ibekwe kwi phezulu kuluhlu lwabo. Man - isidalwa kuphela sizalwa yingcamango. Kuyinto ngenxa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukucacisa intetho. Ngoncedo kwamagama kwenzekani ezingqondweni yomntu yena, ngokunjalo leyinene ezingqongileyo. Bona - abathwali iseli engundoqo ubomi bokomoya, olwenza abantu ukuba babelane ngokubhalwe yobomi babo engaphakathi ngoncedo izandi, imifanekiso okanye abalinganiswa. Ezendeleyo kudidi "umongo kunye ubukho womntu" bobabo lezaBasebenzi. Ndanibhalela ngale yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko ezaziwa Adam Smith, uKarl Marx kunye umfundi predshestvenik Hume. Yena kuchazwa umntu "ngumsebenzi isilwanyana."

zabasebenzi

Ekumiseleni ingakumbi umongo yabantu Marxism ngokufanelekileyo unika umsebenzi ebalulekileyo. Engels wathi olukhawulezisiweyo uphuhliso yendaleko ezikumila eziphilayo. Umntu emsebenzini wakhe free ngokupheleleyo, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, basebenza code nzima. Abasebenzisi enze umsebenzi owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye zonke. Sikhululekile kangangokuba umsebenzi ukuba Unga ... andiphangeli. Undoqo kwamalungelo oluntu kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba ngaphandle izibophelelo eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, kukho kwamalungelo elinikwe umntu kwaye sisixhobo zokukhusela intlalo yoluntu. Ukuziphatha kwabantu kuluntu lulawulwa izimvo zoluntu. Thina, kwakunye nezilwanyana, uzive iintlungu, unxano, indlala, inkanuko yesini, ukulungelelana, njalo njalo, kodwa zonke nethuku zethu kulawulwa uluntu. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi - ngumsebenzi abazi, zifunxe yi noluntu. Umxholo lokuqonda kwabunjwa phantsi kwempembelelo yakhe, wazimisa kwinkqubo inxaxheba unxibelelwano namaziko oshishino.

yezentlalo kwabantu

Ukufundiswa koluntu yinkqubo yokufumana izinto zobomi lwentlalo. Kuphela kuluntu lilo ukuziphatha akaphenjelelwa ngemvelo, kodwa uluvo loluntu, ukuba awuthintele neemvakalelo zezilwanyana, ulwimi wavuma, izithethe namasiko. Apha abantu basebenzise amava ubudlelwane bezoshishino ezizukulwaneni zangaphambili. Ukususela Aristotle, oko ingqalelo imo ephambili zentlalo ubuntu. Marx, enyanisweni, wabona undoqo umntu kuphela imvelo yoluntu.

Ubuntu akanyuli iimeko zehlabathi ngaphandle, oko nje uhlala khona. Elihle kwezentlalo, kungenxa kukufakwa imisebenzi zentlalo, iindima, ukufumana iwonga ekuhlaleni, lithathelwe izithethe zentlalo. Ngelo xesha linye izenzakalo kubomi zinokubakho kuphela amanyathelo ngamnye. Ngokomzekelo, ubugcisa, xa amagcisa, bhanya, iimbongi abakroli ukudala ngokokusebenza kwakhe. Society icwangcisa inkcazelo entlalo yomntu ngamnye parameters, ngokutsho inkqubo ilifa zentlalo, ligcina intsalela kule nkqubo entsonkothileyo.

Le ndoda emhlabeni zenkolo

kwihlabathi lenkolo - yinto bulumko, olusekelwe phezu inkolelo ubukho into kwemvelo (imimoya, oothixo, imimangaliso). Ngoko ke, ingxaki yomntu ngazo ekukhanyeni kwaphezulu. Ngokutsho iimfundiso zeBhayibhile, ngenxa ubuKristu, uThixo wadala umntu ngokomfanekiso wakhe nangokufana. Makhe nihlale kule mfundiso.

UThixo wadala indoda yodaka komhlaba. zenkolo Modern zamaKatolika bathi indalo aphezulu izenzo ezimbini: eyokuqala - indalo (yonke) yehlabathi kunye yesibini - nokudalwa komphefumlo. Xa imibhalo yamandulo yebhayibhile amaYuda ibango ukuba umphefumlo - umoya lomntu, yintoni yena ephefumlayo. Ngoko ke, umphefumlo kaThixo uvuthuza ngokusebenzisa womsindo. It iyafana naleyo isilwanyana. Emva kokufa yokuphefumla umbhuqi uphelile, umzimba iba eluthulini, kwaye ichithwe emoyeni kwiishawara. Emva kwexesha elithile, amaYuda ukuchonga umphefumlo kunye negazi labantu okanye isilwanyana.

IBhayibhile indima enkulu umongo yokomoya umntu osusa intliziyo yakhe. Ngokutsho ababhali eNdala kwaneTestamente eNtsha, ukucinga ayikho entloko kodwa entliziyweni. Kwakhona ke ngobulumko esibunikwe nguThixo ukuba umntu. Kwaye kukho intloko kuphela iinwele zakhe olukhulayo. IBhayibhile ayithethi nakancane kwi into yokuba abantu bayakwazi ukucinga intloko. Le mbono waba nempembelelo enkulu kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu. Le umphengululi olukhulu kwinkulungwane XVIII, umphandi-luvo Buffon wayeqinisekile ukuba umntu uba intliziyo yakhe. Ingqondo, ngokoluvo lwakhe - umzimba amandla luvo. Ababhali beTestamente Entsha kokuvuma ubukho umphefumlo ubuncwane, elizimeleyo umzimba. Kodwa imbono yokuba ukungaqiniseki. Modern AmaNgqina kaYehova nokutolika imibhalo yeTestamente Entsha ngomoya Endala angagqali yokungafi komphefumlo womntu, ekholelwa ukuba ubukho uphelile emva kokufa.

Uhlobo yokomoya yomntu. Ingcamango ubuntu

Umntu kangangokuba wenza ukuba iimeko zentlalo yobomi unako akuguquki umntu ngokomoya, kuloo mntu. Kule ncwadi uyakwazi ukufumana iinkcazelo ezininzi ubuntu, iimpawu zayo iimpawu. Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukuba izigqibo abazi kwaye ibe noxanduva kubo bonke yokuziphatha kwabo nezenzo.

Uhlobo yokomoya yomntu - umxholo ngamnye. Central apha kwimbonakalo. It is generated kwinkqubo bengqondo, nto leyo eyenza amalungu amathathu: it, ingqondo kunye nengqondo. Kwihlabathi yokomoya akukho nto yimbi ngaphandle ngokwasengqondweni, emphefumlweni kunye volitional nezisusa umsebenzi. Ulwalamano lwabo luyathandabuzeka, baba abakubudlelwane dialectical. Phakathi iimvakalelo, ukuthanda nengqondo, kukho okuthile. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwezi iindawo psyche kunye ubomi yokomoya yomntu.

Ubuntu - sisoloko imveliso kunye umbandela obomi bomntu. It abunjwe kuphela ngokusekelwe ubukho wayo; kodwa ngenxa yempembelelo nabanye abantu, nto leyo eza kungena qha. kakuhle eli ingxaki umntu akakwazi kuqwalaselwa elinye macala. Ootitshala kunye kwengqondo bakholelwa ukuba intetho malunga individualization lobuqu kunokwenzeka kuphela ukususela kwixesha xa umntu kubonisa imbono umntu, ingubani ibunjiwe, xa uqala otdelayat wena kwabanye abantu. Ubuntu "luyakha" umgca kwakhe ubomi nokuziphatha ekuhlaleni. Xa ulwimi yentanda, le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba individualization.

Injongo kunye nentsingiselo yobomi

Ingcamango intsingiselo yobomi - ngamnye, kuba le ngxaki isonjululwe hayi iiklasi, hayi ubunini babo yabasebenzi, kungekhona inzululwazi, nabantu, umntu ngamnye. Ukusombulula le ngxaki - oko kuthetha ukufumana indawo yabo ehlabathini, wakhe self-determination. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, iinkcuba kunye neengcamango wafuna ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba kutheni umntu ohlala, eli ingcamango "ngentsingiselo yobomi", kutheni ke weza ehlabathini yaye kwenzeka ntoni kuthi emva kokufa. Ikhwelo for self-ulwazi yaba ufakelo enkulu ebalulekileyo inkcubeko yamaGrike.

"Yazi wena" - ebizwa uSocrates. Ngokuba lesi sazi intsingiselo yobomi bomntu lusekukhawulezeni philosophizing, ukufumana ngokwakhe ukoyisa iimvavanyo kunye nokungazi (ukucinga oko kuthetha ntoni na okulungileyo nokubi, inyaniso impazamo, esihle kunye ugly). UPlato wabonisa ukuba ulonwabo wafikelela kwinqanaba kuphela emva kokufa, kokufa, umphefumlo - kakuhle umntu efanelekileyo - ukhululekile kuwo kumakhamandela umzimba.

Ngokutsho uPlato, indalo somntu, kumiselwa umphefumlo wakhe, okanye mandithi umphefumlo nomzimba, kodwa ukongama kukaThixo, ekuqaleni ongenakufa sokubetha, ofayo. Umphefumlo womntu, ngokwale sobulumko, ubunjwe ezintathu: okokuqala - onengqondo ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye eyesibini - vozhdelyayusche-nkani, eyesithathu - i ezenzekelayo-ngokwenene. Ndingayilindela kowuphi kubo isandla ephezulu, isiphelo bomntu ixhomekeke intsingiselo yobomi, imisebenzi.

UbuKristu eRashiya uthathe ingqiqo eyahlukileyo. Umlinganiselo omkhulu ezintweni zonke iba zokomoya ephakamileyo umgaqo kuqala. Xa ulwazi kukabani yokona, ubuncinane, ubala kwanangaphambi kokuba efanelekileyo, yokulandelana kwayo kutyhilwa ukuba umntu nethemba kokukhula ngokomoya, abazi uba mayibhekiswe ukuphuculwa rhoqo yokuziphatha. Umnqweno wokwenza okulungileyo iya isiba undoqo ubuntu, waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo yophuhliso yayo lwentlalo.

Ngexesha Ukukhanya, le materialists French bazitshitshisela umba ubume boluntu njengoko wokuhlangana eziphathekayo, izinto corporeal kunye yokungafi komphefumlo. UVoltaire wakhanyela nokungafi komphefumlo, kwaye umbuzo enoba kukho ubulungisa likaThixo emva kokufa, wesuka waba ukugcina "cwaka abaziphethe." Akazange avume ukuba umntu Pascal - ". Ingcongolo okucinga 'isidalwa obuthathaka ingenamsebenzi kwindalo, -Sobulumko bakholwa ukuba abantu abayi ndihluphekile kunye nomsindo, njengoko Pascal wacinga. UVoltaire ichaza umntu ngokuthi kwezentlalo, idla ukuyilwa "uluntu zenkcubeko".

Ngenxa yoko, ifilosofi elinyanga kakuhle abantu kwimeko imiba jikelele ukuba. Oku ngezizathu zentlalo kunye zobuqu, zembali kunye zendalo, lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, inkolo yokuziphatha, ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Eli umntu bulumko ingqalelo ngokubanzi, njengoko epheleleyo inkqubo, ehlanganisiweyo. Ukuba uphosa ngaphandle nakweyiphi na inkalo yobomi, ukuwa yonke mfanekiso. Injongo yale inzululwazi na self-ulwazi ndoda, njalo omtsha ongunaphakade ekuqondeni ukuba indalo ukumimitheka, ikamva lakhe kunye nentsingiselo yobukho. Eli umntu bulumko, ngoko - imbono lisasetyenziswa, yaye izazinzulu mihla, lokuvula ubuso yayo entsha.