Yintoni wenza isepha? kwemifanekiso isepha

Mhlawumbi, njengomntwana umama wayedla eminye imibuzo ukuze ucele omnye: "? Izandla ngesepha amanzi" Ngaphandle kokukhetha, sonke siyazi ukuba ezimdaka (okanye zingaqondwa ahlambe) izandla ingabangela njenge ukungacoleki encinane, kunye kwezifo ezifana, ezifana izifo isisu, ikholera, hepatitis A, ipoliyo kunye ezifana. d.

Kuba inkoliso yethu imfuneko lokuziqhelanisa ucoceko ayikho kwamathandabuzo. Ukuhlamba izandla emva kokuba uhambe, phambi kokuba udle, emva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese - ezifana izithethe linegunya, umzekelo, ukubingelela obaziyo. Kodwa asingabo bonke abantu bacinga ukuba enze isepha ukuba sisebenzise.

Yintoni isepha?

Siye safumanisa ukuba le isepha - kuba brusochek esimnandi, leyo phantsi kwempembelelo amanzi enyibilikayo kunye amagwebu. Le amagwebu iyadilika ukungcola, izandla zicocekile. ulwazi olusisiseko chemistry ivumela ingcaciso ngqo nangaphezulu molecule esiqulethe isepha, zidibene ne iimolekyuli kwezinto apolar wabamba kwizandla (grease, ubumdaka, njl ...). Ezi molekyuli isepha kube lula enxulumene kunye iimolekyuli zamanzi ezibandayo. Kubonakala ukuba ukwakhiwa imichiza isepha - uhlobo lwe umlamli phakathi kwamanzi kunye soiling kutyetyiswa. Isepha na edibene iimolekyuli ukungcola "ubambelele 'emanzini. Amanzi, nayo, lisusa iikhompawundi kunye izandla.

isigama Chemical

Ngokwemiqathango chemistry isepha - emulsifier kwinkqubo oyile-manzi. Isepha molecule laphela kuyo inyoka ukuba unalo nomsila hydrophobic nentloko - esibamba. Hydrophobic, oko kukuthi nomsila otyebileyo-enyibilikayo, ezingena edakeni enxulumene ngokuqinileyo nayo. Head batsaleleke iimolekyuli zamanzi. Loo nkqubo ibizwa micelle tsakisi. Amafutha ezi zihlanganisi ziviwa akusayi sithi "ezibuthelezi".

Isiphumo olunamafutha umboniso phezu kwamanzi ophela nangoko xa zafakwa kwi imali encinane ukuba iisepha (nokuba okuqinileyo okanye ulwelo). Micelles abunjwe nangoko kwaye uyibambe ezantsi i molekyuli namanqatha. Amanzi phantsi kwempembelelo wenziwe isepha, kuba lithambile yaye ngakumbi "thinner". Le propati ezitsha zivumela ukuba zingene nzulu kulo inyama ize iphume zonke iintlobo zongcoliseko.

Ezifana olindelwe isiphumo amanzi ngokumane ukufudumeza. Ngokuba izinto kunye kumphezulu non-aneentunja amanzi ngokwaneleyo ashushu ukususa konke ukungcola kutyetyiswa. Nikhe nihlambe ngokukhuselekileyo izitya ngaphandle nesepha ngamanzi ashushu, kodwa izandla ziye ukuhlamba isepha ngamanqatha.

ukuba lide kangakanani na isepha

Ngoko sele siyazi ukuba micelles - isepha compound ngamanzi kunye namanqatha - kunokuba zamathontsana ezizinzileyo. Kunye nobukhulu yabo encinane ngenxa yeziphumo lobushushu. Njani ukuba indlela ophulaphula ngayo malini udinga isepha? Eyona ndlela ilula - ukuphumeza yewayini. Eneneni, ubukho suds ibonisa yobuninzi iimolekyuli ngamanqatha engadityaniswanga kwi micelle ekumisweni isepha. Ekubeni zonke micelles ukuba kakubi ityala, bona ukubuyiselana kwaye awukwazi bayamanyana. Kodwa oko kwanele ukuba avele nethontsi encinane yeoli, kwaye molekyuli engadityaniswanga kwenye of isisombululo isepha uya idibane kuyo uxhulumaniso womelele ngakumbi. A iimolekyuli isepha edityaniswe kunokukhusela amagwebu Ukwakheka.

Le khemikhali Ukubunjwa isepha

Kwiinzame uqonde into eyenziwe isepha, kakhulu kancinci ukuba ukukhumbula chemistry ophezulu esikolweni. Isepha - a ityuwa eliphezulu (carboxylic, sodium okanye potassium).

Salt ngokwembono yokupheka siyayiqonda. Kwaye chemistry? Le abasabela iimveliso kwealkali acid. Kwindalo, sivame ukuhlangana ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye yokuqala neyesibini. Kodwa isepha endalweni. Kwaye nangona imveliso isepha - elula ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ke ifuna ulwazi nezakhono ezithile.

Kuba saponification (ezivelisa ugwebu izinto ngempahla isepha) ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba fatty ngokwesiqhelo ke awasabela ngayo kunye an kwealkali. Kuyasa yokugqibela phantsi fatty kwi glycerol uyadinga asidi. I-sodium (potassium) icandelo kwealkali idityaniswe esiti, ebumba sodium (potassium) ityiwa asidi ezinamanqatha, esikwaziyo njengoko isepha.

ngesepha Natural okanye zokwenziwa

Xa nithabatha ezishelfini brusochek zaselondri kwaye ufunde kwakhona ngenyameko, ukusuka apho ukwenza isepha, ungasoloko ufumana kuhlanganiselo ikhokhonathi zendalo okanye namafutha omnquma. Kushishino, isepha eyayivutyelwa inkunkuma yokuhluza. It Ijika iisepha, ayinazo isepha yendalo bengenanto banokuyenza. Kwelinye icala, iimveliso kuhlelwe asirhawule yonke indawo, yaye akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngaloo nto. Kwelinye - ofuna ukusebenzisa lo, ngoko kukho yimveliso yendalo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, le mveliso ivela kwinkqubo ye "saponification" okanye ukwenza isepha. Kuqeqesho kunzima kakhulu ukuba asuse glycerin ukusuka isepha, ngoko isepha yendalo lithambile yaye ngcono ukusebenza esikhumbeni. Glycerol - ingxenye enkulu isepha ekubeni oku humectant yendalo iyakwazi ukufunxa ukufuma evela emoyeni kwaye uyithumele esikhumbeni. Ngenxa yoko, isikhumba akuthethi yome kwaye ihlala elastic ngokwaneleyo.

Iintlobo amafutha ukuze isepha

Nganye i-oyile yendalo uneempawu zawo. Ukuba badlulisele iipropati ezithile isepha kufuneka ubilise lemidlalo i-oyile yendalo.

ioli lwawo na alephuze amagwebu kakhulu, umzekelo. A umnquma iqulethe eninzi kwezinto izimbiwa kunye acids nezimbiwa ngenxa yolusu. canola Okuninzi exotic (rape iintlobo) kwaye ioli yesundu yesiqhelo - ngumbhexeshi obalaseleyo izondlo zibe ulusu. oyile iSunflower kaninzi ngaphezu awusetyenziswa ukupheka brusochkov isepha. Kodwa ke cream-isepha ngayo - isixa kakhulu.

izakhi zokwenziwa

isepha namuhla agaye na zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Umbala, ivumba, iimpawu, njalo njalo Kodwa simele sikhumbule ukuba namavumba isepha kunye nombala - .. Yinto imichiza nje wadala elebhu. Kakade ke, abenzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo yavavanywa isiphumo onke amacandelo eluswini, kodwa kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga oko isici eziqalelo ngamnye kunokwenzeka.

Kukwanjalo ke le-oyile yendalo kubalulekile. Phezu kwayo yonke into, oko kuyenzeka indlela ezimbi ngamnye enze icandelo elithile. Kunjalo, isepha tshama inempembelelo encinci kakhulu elibi yesikhumba.

Le caveat ebalulekileyo yesibini - umbala isepha. Kananjalo zingafumaneka ofana okanye iidayi yendalo. imibala yemvelo "turbid" yaye "cima", kodwa ke, ukuba azinabungozi kuthelekiswa okhuphisana yemizimba yethu.

ilondolo isepha

Mylovar bahlule phakathi izithambiso nesepha. Njengoko igama layo liyichaza, impahla isepha eyenzelwe ukuhlamba uzihlambe izinto zemihla ngemihla, yaye hayi isikhumba. Noko ke, EZONOBUHLE bacebisa ukuba angandishiyi ukusetyenziswa isepha ukubuyisela iinwele nolusu.

Ukwakhiwa isepha (GOST umahluko phakathi kweentlobo-3) iphawulwa ezinomthamo eliphezulu okunamafutha acid kunye kwealkali. Enyanisweni, umxholo asidi, zezityalo zendalo kunye oyile zezilwanyana kunye nesepha obrak na iindidi ezinjalo: ubuncinane 70.5%, ubuncinane 69% kwaye hayi ngaphantsi kwe-64%. Olu hlobo isepha akazange abangele ukuba namavumba, usetyenziswe nokuba izinto zabantwana.

isepha yokuhlamba lubonwa njengento magciwane yendalo. Nale njongo lisetyenziswa nokucoca ezibhedlele. Oogqirha bamazinyo bacebisa emva nganye isepha ibhrashi yamazinyo, loo nto ayimenzi abe yindawo yokuzalela lwegciwane.