"Paks" - mveliso senyukliya Hungary (Ifoto)

ukhuseleko amandla naliphi na igunya ukunika ukusebenza liqhawuke yaye oluthembekileyo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo amandla. izinto Data umdla ingqalelo kuphela kwabasebenzi ezizodwa zobugcisa, kodwa iinkokeli beli lizwe, kuba eqhelekileyo yokusebenza amandla ombane luxhomekeke zombini kwinqanaba loqoqosho nentlalo yophuhliso karhulumente, ngokunjalo ubukho yayo ekhuselekileyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga "Paks" - izityalo amandla enyukliya elise Hungary.

ulwazi jikelele

Okokuqala qiniseka ukuba uqaphele ukuba esi sikhululo kuphela lowo usasebenza phezu komhlaba magyar. "Paks" (NPP) isuswe kwikomkhulu, kweekhilomitha ezili-100, yaye-5 kuphela km ukusuka kwidolophu eponymous, elinabemi abantu malunga namawaka amabini. Le ngxilimbela industrial kwayilwa iinjineli yiSoviet nabo bonke zamandla ayo yangoku ngokupheleleyo uhlobo olufanayo - VVER-440.

ulwazi zembali

"Paks" (NPP) Oku kwaqala "ebomini" yayo sele kakhulu kude nathi Agasti 1974. Naso xa abakhi baqalisa Ulwakhiwo lwesigaba sokuqala, kuquka iiyunithi ezimbini amandla. kweminyaka elithoba kamva - ngo-Oktobha 1983 - icandelo lokuqala yaphehlelelwa, yaye kamva ngonyaka ukuba phezulu kwaye block yesibini.

Ukwakhiwa sesibini nqanaba laqalisa ngo-1979, yaye ngowe-1986 wafakwa ukusebenza unit inombolo ezintathu. Novemba 1987 wabona uqhagamshelo kwicandelo 4.

Ngokubanzi, oluchanekileyo ukuze bathi "Paks" (NPP) Yaba isiza sokwakha, apho yazinyaswa ngaphezu kwe-110 iintlobo ngeentlobo imibutho kunye namashishini. Bonke kuzo ngamazwe. Kuba unikezelo kwezixhobo, zokwakha ngqo, bethwele isixa omkhulu pre-zokugunyazisa kunye nokufakwa phantsi kweliso ezinqkqenkqeza ziingcali ezivela kula mazwe baye inxaxheba njengoko eJamani, Poland, eCzechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary. Ngenxa yemigudu yazo zonke iingcali ababandakanyekayo, "Paks» uqikelelo NPP IAEA ithathwa njengenye izityalo kakhulu olu hlobo kulo lonke eli lizwekazi yaseYurophu.

Iimpawu technical

NPP "Paksi" (Hungary) kodwa enamandla ezine, amandla nganye leyo uluhlu 500 MW. Umlinganiselo wamandla ombane eziveliswa kule ndawo, kuba malunga ne-40% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo ezikhoyo kweli lizwe.

block nganye iqulathe amacandelo iphambili ilandelayo:

• reactor Water-amanzi, nto leyo isebenza yi neutron thermal.
• Zintandathu umbane umphunga, ukuvelisa ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-450 ilixa ifumile, umphunga owomileyo ngamnye noxinzelelo ka 4.7 MPA.
• Emithandathu impompo kwegazi, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuqinisekisa njengesipholisi flow oluqhubekayo.
• Elinambini kwemithambo evale-off yemveli enziwe xa ndzhendzheleko kuyimfuneko.
• iiyunithi ezimbini injini ukuguqula ngqo amandla obushushu kwi umbane.

Reconstruction and kwempucuko

Ekupheleni kuka-2014, phakathi nguRhulumente Corporation "Rosatom" yaye "Paks» NPP e Hungary Isivumelwano sasayinwa ukwakhiwa kunye nokubeka ukusebenza kweeyunithi ezintsha. Ngokutsho ulwazi kwaziswa yi isixa-mali ezicwangcisiweyo kwesi siganeko ayisayi kuba ngaphezu kwe-12.5 yeebhiliyoni euro. In kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ubhaliso uxwebhu phakathi Russia, iHungary, isivumelwano wabulawa ngenxa apho Russian Federation eliganelwe ukunika zii billion 10 ukugqiba ukwakha isikhululo-mboleko. iiyunithi zokwakha ngqo inombolo 5 kunye nenombolo 6 luya kuqalisa ngo-2018. Ngokwesi sicwangciso ekhoyo, i ibloko yesihlanu kuya kufuneka kuma umgca 2023, kwaye yesithandathu - kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Amandla ngamnye kule mithombo ezintsha eneji ziya kuba 1200 megawatts.

Iinkcukacha zale ntengiselwano

Ngenxa yoko, Hungary kufuneka ukuba ufumane mboleko ukuqala ukubuyela zingaphelanga iinyanga ezintandathu emva kokuba ukuqaliswa kweeyunithi ukusebenza. Kufuneka uhlawule le mali kwiminyaka-21. Kulo mzekelo, kwiminyaka yokuqala elishumi elinanye umdla intlawulo mboleko akuyi kudlula-4%. Emva kokuba ezimbini uya kwandisa: kuqala, ukuya ku 4.5%, yaye kamva - kwi 4.9%.

Umjikelo ziphuma inyanga-15 emini

Ekupheleni kuka-2015 esweni atom Hungary inike imvume yokuba isikhululo kuchaziwe ukusebenzisa amafutha, nto leyo eya kwenza inqanaba zophuculo sele 4.7%, hayi 4.2%, njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke ezine iiyunithi enkampani lwamandla iya kusebenza kumjikelo omtsha elingangeenyanga ezili-15.

izigameko

Ngokucacileyo, akukho mfuneko ukuyicacisa ngakumbi, "Paks indlela yingozi» NPP. Accident phezu kwalo, ngelishwa, kodwa wabonakala igalelekile. Aprili 10, 2003, ngexesha wokuphunyezwa umsebenzi wokulungisa acwangciswayo kwibloko yesibini episode yenzekile, ekugqibeleni wathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama emithathu lokuphelisa lweziqhamo. Kakuhle eli isiganeko azezi yokuba esingxotyeni sele yonakele iindibano amafutha ngexesha chemical zokuhlanjululwa kwabo ngokukhethekileyo enyusiweyo kule netanki. Umsebenzi lwaqhutywa ngenxa mveliso Itheknoloji AREVA. Ngethamsanqa, ngaphezu kwebandla obuvumelekileyo uyakuxabisa oko kwabhalwa ngaphandle ummandla woshishino zesikhululo. Ngokwesiseko iziganeko zenyukliya ngamazwe ukalisha kwinqanaba ingozi wesithathu wanikwa.

Yempikiswano mpikiswano

project "Paks NPP-2" Kuye Kwaba kubi ngokwaneleyo isikhubekiso phakathi European Union kunye Government of Hungary. Njengoko ngaphambili ingxelo kumajelo eendaba, iKomishoni yaseYurophu zazide olunzulu uphando kwinkxaso karhulumente ukuba le projekthi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwakhiwo ethembekileyo neebhloko ezimbini mihla kwisikhululo. Ngenxa uMphathiswa urhulumente isiHungary Yanosh Lazar, yonke imibuzo kunye iinkcukacha ngalo mba sele izinziswe, kunye nemiqobo soyise. Ngokutsho kwakhe, Hungary sele ithathelwe ingqalelo imigqaliselo zamaqabane zaseYurophu kwaye senza konke okusemandleni ukuba imidla yawo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo kule projekthi zaye zathathelwa ingqalelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Hi ndlela leyi, nabasebenzayo isiHungary yokusingqongileyo kwakhona wazama yonke indlela ukuthintela ukuphunyezwa kwisivumelwano kulwakhiwo iibhloko mihla. Ngokubona kwabo, intshayelelo awayecwangcisiwe umthamo high nefuthe elibi kakhulu kuqoqosho, ekubeni amandla kufunxwa ngale ndlela ibiza kakhulu kwaye phuculo ngesidanga ukuxhomekeka of Hungary evela Russian Federation, ngokwenjenjalo uchitha ulongamo.

namahlazo

UNobhala State of Hungary Zoltan Kovacs wathi ukuba ulwazi olupapashwe iphephandaba iThe Times Financial malunga ikwaxina isityholo of contract EU phakathi eRashiya iHungary malunga nokwakhiwa iibhloko ezintsha kwi "Paks" NPP Kuyinto ayilungile kwaye ayingqinelani le meko. Ngaphezu koko, umkhonzi yoluntu ifuna ukupapashwa kweli refutation ethandwayo Albion.

ubungqina ngakumbi indlela yonke kugxilwe kwi "Paks" NPP, leyo wabeka ifoto kweli nqaku kuba ubusela nokulinga ye umlawuli laptop isikhululo. Le khompyutha yobuqu ephathwayo eziqulathe ulwazi yequmrhu ezibuthathaka enxulumene maxesha okucwangcisiweyo kwesibonelelo senyukliya. INtloko inkampani ezilahlekileyo umncedisi yayo yedijithali ngelo xesha, xa ndaya kwiintlanganiso zoshishino kumbindi Budapest waza washiya imoto ixeshana, eshiya ngaphakathi impahla zakhe.

Ubungakanani ixabiso lesivumelwano ukwakhiwa kweeyunithi ze Hungary ukuyiqikelela kananjalo oku njengenqobo: isininzi seevoti lepalamente karhulumente evotelweyo ukuqaphela ezinye izinto deal elihlebo Russia ekwakhiweni kwisibini ibloko entsha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. On isiqinisekiso epalamente, lo kuthutha masikhokelwe ngenjongo ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela iimfuno zesizwe kunye nokhuseleko lizwe.

ukwabelana ngamava

Ehlotyeni yamalungu 2015 kunikezwa urhulumente, ekhokelwa ngumlawuli we "Paks" inkampani amandla enyukliya, watyelela eMoscow iqonga "Atomexpo", ngakumbi - ukuma kwi Belarusian amandla enyukliya. Olu tyelelo Kuyaqondakala, ngokuba ukwakhiwa into e Belarus iyafana naleyo ecwangcisiweyo e Hungary.