Yintoni uviwo? Iintlobo zoviwo kwi-forensics

Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo - mthetho, iqumrhu lophando lifumana ubungqina benetyala lomenzi-mthetho, ukuqhuba izenzo zokupasa eziyimfuneko, enye yazo ithathwa njengophando, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa. Iintlobo zokuhlola zihlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlulwa kwale nyathelo yophando lulandelayo.

Ingqiqo yokuhlola kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho

Ingqiqo kunye neentlobo zeemviwo zenzululwazi ye-forensic zichithwe ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo kule ndawo-ye-Code Procedure Code. Ukuhlolwa kweli candelo lombutho lithetha ukuqonda ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokulungiswa okusemthethweni ngokulandelana nemimiselo yomthetho wenkqubo yeempawu zangaphandle kunye neempawu zezinto. Njengesiqhelo, abaphandi banendlela engavumelekanga kwizinto ezinjalo.

Umthetho wenkqubo yobugebengu ulawula uviwo ngamanqaku 176-178 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaseRashiya. Incazelo "yokuhlola" ngokwalo ibhekisela ekuboneni izinto, kodwa ezinye iinjongo zingasetyenziswa ngexesha lokuziphatha kwayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiprojekti yokuhlola, iphunga lezinto ezihlolwe okanye umgangatho walo, ezenziwe ngoluvo lomgca, lunokumiselwa. Naliphi na izandi ezihambelana noviwo zingaqwalaselwa.

Iintlobo zophando

Iindidi zophando zihluke kakhulu. Kwaye umehluko unokuba kwindlela kunye nendlela yokuziphatha kwabo. Kodwa umahluko ophezulu, ngokubhekiselele kulolu hlobo lophando oluhlulwe, lubangelwa into okanye into, apho kuhlolwa khona. Iintlobo zokuhlolwa zi:

• Iindawo zeNgehlakalo.
• Amaphepha okanye nayiphi na into.
• Indawo.
• Indawo yokuhlala okanye ezinye izakhiwo.
• Corpses.

Ukuhlolwa kwendawo

Ziziphi iintlobo zokuhlola ezingenziwa kuphela emva kweziko leenkqubo zengxoxo? Konke, ngaphandle kwalokhu. Icandelo lesibini le-Art. I-176 ye-CCP i-RF isungula kwaye ilawula ukuqhutywa komsebenzi . Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba olu hlobo lokuhlola lunye lwezenzo ezimbalwa zophando ezingenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ityala. Oku kwenziwa, okokuqala, ukuze kulungiswe ubungqina obunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye okwesibini, ukucacisa ukufaneleka kokuqalisa imveliso.

Nanku kufuneka kwakhona kuqaphele ukuba ukuhlolwa kwesimo kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwemiboniso, kungekhona nje kuphela kwindawo apho ubugebengu ngokwabo bwenziwe khona. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa nakwezinye iindawo, umzekelo, ukufumana kwenye indawo indawo yobubungqina obongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa umkhondo wobugebengu, izibhamu okanye enye into ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, phantsi kwengcamango "yendawo yesiganeko" inokuthi ithathelwe kuyo nayiphi na indawo, indawo evulekileyo kunye nokunye okunjalo.

Ukuhlolwa kwesimo kuthathwa njengongxamisekileyo. Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngaye, yingakho kuvunyelwe ukuba kuveliswe phambi kokuba ivuliwe. Ukuhlolwa okungapheliyo kunokubangela ukuba ilahleko nempawu zilahleke. Lo mgangatho uhlukile kwezinye iintlobo zoviwo. Oko kukuthi, inokubanjelwa kuphela xa kukho amathuba okulahlekelwa umkhondo wobugebengu nobungqina. Ukungabikho kwalolu hlobo, le nkqubo ayiyi kuphinda ihlolwe njengendawo yokuhlola. Oku kuya kuba ukuhlolwa kwemimandla, indawo okanye izindlu zokuhlala, oko kuya kukwazi ukuqhuba kuphela emva kokukhutshwa komyalelo ngumphenyi ukuba aqalise iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindidi zokuhlolwa kwendawo. Ngoko, olu nyathelo lokuphanda lunokuqhutyelwa kokubamba inxaxheba kweengcali ezithile (kwiimeko eziyimfuneko), kwaye ngaphandle kwazo. Oluviwo luyahlukahluka ngendlela, indlela kunye namaqhinga.

Ukujonga

Uhlobo olulandelayo lohlolo lokuphanda luhlolo lwendawo. "Terrain", ukuba ucinga ngegama elithi "indawo yesiganeko", ayinayo impawu zolwaphulo-mthetho. Njengomthetho, lolu hlobo lwesenzo sophando lujoliswe ekufundeni imeko. Iimviwo ezinjalo ziquka, umzekelo, ukuhlolisiswa okubonakalayo kwigumbi apho umtyholwa, osityholwe ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho, wayehlala okanye ayenjalo. Uphando lwendawo luyenziwa nakwezinye iimeko, ukuba akukho nto imfuneko.

Ukuhlolwa kweendawo zokuhlala

Ngaphantsi kwezindlu kuqondwa isakhiwo, indlu, indlu, apho abantu bahlala khona. Izakhiwo ezingahlaliyo zokuhlala nazo zisekhaya. Ukungahambi kakuhle kwekhaya kusekwe kuMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo, ngoko umgaqo wenkqubo ulawula ngqo inkqubo yokuhlolwa kwayo.

Ngoko, kuthethwa ukuba ukuhlolwa kwendawo yokuhlala kufuneka kwenziwe kuphela ngemvume yabo bonke abantu abahlala kuyo. Kakade, oku kusebenza kuphela kubantu abanokwazi. Ukuba ubuncinane umntu omnye onxamnye nesenzo sokuphanda, i-arhente yokunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ifumane isenzo somgwebo esifanelekileyo sigunyazisa ukuziphatha kwakhe. Le mfuneko iyenzeka ngenxa yokuba uviwo lugcina amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabemi.

Nanku ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba uviwo lwekhaya kunye neenkqubo zokukhangela - 2, ezinokulandelana ezininzi ziyafana. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka bahluke. Ukukhangela, ngokungafani nesenzo sokuphanda ngombuzo, sijonge ukutyhila iimpawu ezifihliweyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, naluphi na ubungqina. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo yokuhlala kuqukwa kuphela ngokuqwalasela ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunye nokufundisisa izinto ekungekho ukungena kuzo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuhlolwa kukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu abahlala kwindlu okanye indlu.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinto

Ngamanye amaxesha kwiinkqubo zeso sizathu kukho izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza izenzo zophando, ngokukodwa ukuhlolwa. Iintlobo zokuhlolwa zibonisa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo okufanayo nje ngezinto, kodwa kunye namaxwebhu. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lokuhlola alukwazi ukuzimela. Iyakwenzeka kumxholo wenyathelo olwenziwa ngumphenyi. Umzekelo, izinto okanye amaxwebhu atholakala ngexesha lokukhangela ahlolwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye umphumo ubhalwe kwingxelo yokukhangela.

Njengezenzo zophando, ukuhlolwa kwezinto kunye namaxwebhu angenziwa kwiofisi yophando. Ngokuqhelekileyo loo mfuneko ivela xa ukuhlolwa kwindawo apho ubungqina obufunyenwe bubunzima (imeko yemozulu, ukungabonakali kakuhle, njl.). Kanye nenxalenye emele yenkqubo yokwaphulo-mthetho, lolu hlobo lokuhlola luya kuthatha isenzo xa izinto okanye amaxwebhu angeniswa ngumntu (umzekelo, ngenxa yokubanjwa).

Injongo yolu nyathelo kukuqinisekisa ingcali elandelayo okanye olunye uhlolisiso lwezinto, amaxwebhu. Kule nxu lumene ukuba umthetho ubeka ingqalelo abaphathi bokuphanda kwiinkqubo zokubanjwa kwezi zinto, ukupakishwa kwabo okuchanekileyo kunye nesatifikethi. Ukugqitywa kwezi nkqubo kuqondakala. Ubungqina obuthatywayo okanye obupakanyisiweyo ngokungenakulungileyo, ilungu lezono liza kuba lula, lichaza ukuba isifundo esinikwe enkundleni asiyena owabanjwe.

Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu

Iintlobo zophando lophando kuma-forensics zibandakanya kunye nesenzo esinjalo esingathandekiyo njengokuhlolwa komntu ofileyo. Kanye kunye nesenzo sophando esedlulileyo, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kungaba zimeleyo okanye kudlule enye inkqubo eyenziwa ngumphandi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umzimba ufunyanwa kwindawo, ukuhlolwa kwalo kwenziwa apha. Isiphumo sibhalwa kwingxelo yokuhlola yomcimbi. Kwiimeko ezifanayo, xa isidumbu, umzekelo, sele susiwe kwimeko yoluphulo mthetho phambi kokufika kweqela lephando, uviwo luqhutshwa njengesenzo sophando oluzimeleyo, umzekelo, kwi-morgue. Kuza kuzinzimela ngexesha lokuxhuma okanye ngenxa yokufumana kwezinye iinkqubo ezenziwe ngumzimba wophando.

Olu hlobo lokuhlola luquka iimfuno ezongezelelweyo ezongezelelweyo ezahlukileyo. Xa uqhuba isenzo sokuphanda ngesidumbu, kunyanzelekile ukuba ingcali ithathe inxaxheba kwimihlaba yonyango, kwaye kwimeko enzima yimuphi ugqirha. Uhlolo kufuneka luhambisane nje kuphela nokufotwa, kodwa kunye neminwe yokuprinta iminwe (ifayili yeminwe), ukuba isidumbu asikwazanga.

Xa uhlola isidumbu, umlinganiselo okhethekileyo wokubambisana unokwenzeka, uququzelele ekuphumeni kwawo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwesidumbu ekungcwabeni kwaye kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokuvunyelwa kwezihlobo. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ngokungabikho kwemvume enjalo, isigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwalo mqathango kufuneka senziwe yinkantolo.

Survey

Abanye abatoliki bemithetho bakholelwa ukuba uviwo lwabantu abaphilayo lubuye luhlolwe. Mhlawumbi oku kunjalo, kodwa le nyathelo lokuphanda lithe ngqo. Akunjalo ngethuba lokuba likhethwe ngumthetho ngokwahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya uviwo ngezenzo zokuzimela ezizimeleyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo zophando lwezophando, olo luviwo, nazo zihluke kakhulu.

Isiphelo

Ngoko, ngokuqhelekileyo onke amanyathelo okuphanda, okubangela ubungqina bendalo kwaye akusiyo kuphela, kufuna ukuba kube ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuhambelana nomthetho oqhutyelwe uhlolo. Iindidi zokuhlolwa ezifunekayo ukuba ziqhutyelwe kule nto okanye loo meko zilawulwa ngumthetho wenkqubo yobugebengu. Amagunya okuphanda anyanzelekile ukuba avumelane nazo zonke iimfuno ezisungulwe ngumthetho ekuvelweni kwezi zenzo. Ngaphandle koko, kukho umngcipheko ukuba ubungqina obunjalo abuyi kuvumeleka.