I-Dactyloscopy ... I-Genetic fingerprinting

Ngenye indlela umntu uyashiya uphawu lwakhe kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo: iincinci zesikhumba, iinwele, ummatha. Nangona kunjalo iiseli ze-epidermis rhoqo, nangona zixabiso elincinci, zithumela imfihlo: i-sweat kunye namafutha. Kungenxa yeendleko zabo ukuba iimpawu zeminwe zivele kuzo zonke izifundo ezichaphazelekayo. Kwaye umzobo wabo uhlukile kubo bonke abantu. Ngoko, kuphi ukwenza iminwe yeminwe, kwaye kutheni le nto ingafumaneka ngokufanelekileyo?

Ubungakanani

I-Dactyloscopy yenzululwazi eyenza uphando lwamaphetheni, oko kukuthi, abo badibanisa elukhumbeni abo bonke abantu banakho. Ukongezelela, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yinkcazo kwimigqaliselo yale miqolo. Inyani kukuba bahlukile kumntu ngamnye kwaye bahlala kuyo yonke into umntu ethinta ngayo. Yingakho le ndlela iyindlela ecacileyo yokuchonga umntu, elula ngokwaneleyo kwaye esebenzayo ukusetyenziswa emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukugqithwa kwembali

Ekuqaleni, umxholo wokuprinta ngomnwe njengecandelo loxilongo lucetyiswa ngudokotela wase-Argentina F. Latzina ngowe-1894. Kuze kube ngoko, igama elithi "iknaphalangometry" alizange liphumelele. Emva koko indlela yokwenza iimpepha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwenzululwazi ye-forensic yafumana inkunzi yangempela. Isiseko senzululwazi salokhu sinikezwe ngumhloli oyiNtloko waseNgilandi uFrancis Galton, kwaye yakhe ingcamango yaphuhliswa kwaye yaqale yaphunyezwa ngoJuan Vuchetich. Wakhela udidi lweemifanekiso, kwaye kamva-inkqubo yokubhalisa iminwe ekhethekileyo kwamanye amazwe aseMzantsi Melika. Ngoko kwaba lula ukuchonga abantu ekuvukeni kwemidwebo yamaphepha - enye yezixhobo eziphambili zezobugebengu zanamhlanje.

Kunzima ukutsho ukuba yintoni enye yezinzululwazi ezikhankanywe yanikezela kakhulu inzululwazi enjalo njengesayensi. Lo ngumbuzo obangela ukuba kube nokuphikisana okukhulu, kuba uGalton wabonisa ukuba imathematika ayinakwenzeka kwimathematika kubantu abahlukeneyo, kwaye uVuchetich wanciphisa kakhulu ingxaki yokuchonga. Inokwenzeka ukuba, ngokwenene indima ephambili yadlala ngokudibanisa kwezi mpu melelo.

Iimpawu zemizimba yeGenesis

Ukuba okuqhelekileyo kuqondwa njengoprinta lweminwe, ngoko yintoni esetyenziswa apha? Kucacile, uhlalutyo lweDNA. Esi sixhobo esiphezulu nesichanekileyo. Ukuba umthi wesinyana oqhelekileyo unako ukunyamezela enye impazamo, ngoko ke iimpazamo zipheliswe ngokupheleleyo, kuba i-DNA yomntu ngamnye ihlukile. Indlela yokwenza i-genotyping yenziwa ngo-1984 yiqela lezenzululwazi eziholwa ngu-Alex Jeffreess. Wafumana udumo, njengoko wayetyenziselwa kwezinye iimeko zamatyala, kunye nesiganeko esibandakanya umdlali webhola oJ Simpson ngo-1995.

Indlela

Le ndlela yokuchonga umntu yaba yinto enokwenzeka ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-DNA yabantu. Inyaniso kukuba malunga nama-95% eamolekyu ayenayo i-coding, oko kukuthi, ayithwali i-genetic ulwazi, kodwa iqulethe ukulandelelana okuphindaphindiweyo kude nokuba kufutshane. Kwimeko yokugqibela ababizwa ngokuba ngama-satellites. Inombolo yokuphindaphinda kuwo iyahluka kakhulu, kwaye ukuba uthatha abantu abahlukeneyo, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuba ayihambisani.

Kukho amaqoqo apho inani lokulandelana lincinci kakhulu - zibizwa ngokuba ngama-satellite satellites. Kwaye kwindawo ethile kwi-DNA, umntu ngamnye unamalungu amabini anjalo, omnye kumzali ngamnye. I-Genetic fingerprinting isicwangciso sokuhlaziywa kwezi satelliti ezincinane. Ngombulelo, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga ubunikazi be-DNA ngokuchanileyo ngokuchanileyo. Kwaye namhlanje le nqubo idlala indima efanayo njengeminwe yamanye kanye. Kodwa ukuba ulwaphulaphulo lokugqibela luyacinywa ngokugqithiseleyo, ngoko akukho ndlela ebonakalayo yokuhlala kwakhe, oko kukuthi, iinqununu zesikhumba, igazi, amathanga, iinwele, njl., Akunakwenzeka.

Ukuchaneka

I-Genetic fingerprinting ichazwa ngokuxhomekeka ngokukhawuleza, oko kukuthi, ukuba imilinganiselo ethile iyahambelana, iziphumo ezininzi zokuvavanya ezifunyenwe ngama-laboratories ezahlukeneyo aziyihluka. Ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho ethile, eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izifundo zolu hlobo, ngoku kusebenza nje.

Ngokuchanekileyo, amathuba okungangqinelani kweengcambu zeDNA ezihlaziyiweyo kubantu abahlukeneyo ziyabonakala zincinci. Kufanelekile ukuthetha ukuba amathuba okwenza oku aphezulu, ukuba sithetha ngezihlobo eziseduze, iziphumo zazo ziyakuthi zifane. Ukongezelela, umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo unempembelelo enkulu ekuchanekeni kobuni. Yinto enye ukuhamba ngomzobo wesinwe, oko kukuthi, ukudlula ukuhlalutya ngokuzithandela, kwaye ngokufanayo ukuzama ukukhupha i-DNA kumaconsi egazi elomileyo okanye ummatha.

Isicelo samanje

Kukho uluhlu oluncinane lweemeko apho le nkqubo inokuba luncedo. Okokuqala, oku kulwaphulo-mthetho. Isohlwayo lesityholo liyakubonakala, umzekelo, ukuba iinxalenye zesikhumba phantsi kweeminwe zexhoba zifunyenwe, i-DNA iyavumelana nayo. Iingcali zeengcali, iimpawu zemizimba yezityalo zinobuchule bokwenene obukunceda ukuchonga ukuba ngubani owenzayo.

Ezinye zeemeko ezifuna ukuhlanganiswa kweeprofayili ze-DNA ziphikisana ngokubambisana kunye nelifa. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, olu hlalutyo luye lufikeleleke kwaye luninzi.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-genotyping isetyenziswe ngaba-anthropologists ukulandelela imbali kunye nokudibanisa kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Ndiyabulela kuhlalutyo lwe-DNA yabantu banamhlanje , ukufumanisa okufunayo kunye nokucinga.

Ekugqibeleni, le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa kwemfuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kohlobo okanye ukulawula ukuhlukahluka kofuzo.

Iphi na indlela yokwenza ngayo?

Iminwe yenkcazelo elula. Le yinkqubo elula kakhulu kwaye engenakubuhlungu. Ukuqala, iminwe ifakwe idayi ekhethekileyo, kwaye ke yenza iprints kwiphepha. Nangona kunjalo, kumaziko amaninzi ukutshekisha kwikhompyutheni yeepilisi kwenzelwa - oku kukuvumela ukuba ulahlekise ubunzima bokugqithisa okulandelayo.

Ukususela ngo-2015 ukugqithisa le nkqubo kubalulekile xa ufumana isizukulwana esitsha seepassports zangaphandle eRashiya. Ukongeza, xa ufaka isicelo, umzekelo, kwi-visa yaseBrithani, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukunika iminwe yeminwe. Kodwa unokwenza ngokuzithandela - qhagamshelana neofisi yeFMS efuphi.

Ukuba kukho umbuzo malunga nokuba ungayifumana njani imifanekiso yeDNA, ke indlela ihlala kwimibutho ekhethekileyo yonyango. Njengoko iindleko zolu vavanyo ziyancipha kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezixhobo eziyimfuneko ekufezeni kwayo, amaziko anjalo aninzi amaninzi. Oku, umzekelo, iZiko le-Molecular Genetics, apho isiphumo sinokufunyanwa ngeveki esebenzayo i-ruble 10-20 zamawaka, okanye i-Institute of Medical Genetics, apho olu hlalutyo luya kuba neendleko malunga nomlinganiselo ofanayo. Izinto eziphathekayo, njengomthetho, ligazi okanye i-epithelium ye-buccal (i-smear ethathelwa ngaphakathi kwehlathi). Kucacile ukuba, le nkqubo ayinobungozi kwaye iphantse ibuhlungu.

Imiba yokuziphatha

Amanqwetha amaningana akholelwa ukuba ukudala inkqubo equlethe iziprinta zeminwe okanye izinto eziphathekayo zezinto eziphathekayo ezingekho nje kuphela izigebengu kodwa kunye nabemi abahlala ngokusemthethweni baphikisana namalungelo oluntu olusiseko xa kubangelwa ukuba baxhomeke kule nkqubo. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuxhalabisa ukukhwabanisa kwendawo yolwazi olulodwa, oluya kufaka ukufikelela okungagunyazisiweyo kolwazi oluyimfihlakalo, kuba imprinta yezandla zomzimba ngokwenene i-passport ye-DNA, kwaye loo nkcazelo ayifanele ifumaneke ngokubanzi.

Ukongezelela, ukuqokelela kunye nokuhlaziywa rhoqo kweso sedatha kuyinto enqabileyo kakhulu, kwaye iindleko, ngokucacileyo, ziya kuhlaselwa kumahlombe abakhokhi berhafu. Njengoko ihlabathi kunye neRussia ibonisa, kunengqiqo ukukhawulela isangqa sabantu abantu abanobuncwane, imikhosi, ukhuseleko, kunye nabasebenzi bokubanjwa. Kwabanye, inqubo yokuprinta ngomnwe okanye ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka ibe ngokuzithandela ngokuzithandela.