Yintoni oli ekrwada uthengisa eRashiya? Production kunye nokuthengiswa yeoli

Ioli yenye iintlobo kumazwe zempahla ekrwada, okubamba kuqoqosho Russian kwihlabathi indima ebalulekileyo kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo. Yintoni oli ekrwada uthengisa eRashiya?

ulwazi zembali

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo abantu babesazi ngeemilo ioli. It eyayiqokelelwe phezu kwamanzi okanye phezu komhlaba. Kodwa wasebenzisa kangaka ngokubanzi. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oko owasungula i isibane oyile, imfuno kule nto ekrwada landa kakhulu. Kungelo xesha baqala ukuphuhlisa iindlela yeoli ukubhola kunye negesi amaqula ngokobuninzi ze kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Emva kokuvulwa lwesinyanzelo umbane lihlile eolini.

Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwayilwa injini yokutsha, owaba umfutho uphuhliso Ushishino lweemoto. Ekuqaleni, ukuthenga imoto nako ukufikelela kuphela abantu abazizityebi, kodwa ke baba ziyafumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iinxalenye yabemi. Kulo mba, okwanda imfuno iimveliso zepetroliyam. Nanamhla oku, i-oyile imveliso enexabiso yendalo, njengoko inika ithuba intshukumo abantu umhlaba, umoya okanye amanzi.

kwimveliso ye-oyile e Russia

In Russia mihla, siye sabona ukwanda ngokuthe ngcembe kwimveliso oyile ukususela 2000, kodwa kule minyaka mi-5 idlulileyo, izinga ophele- noko, yaye yawa kancinane ngo-2008.

Ukususela ngo-2010, imveliso oyile sele upasisiwe kwinqanaba iitoni million 500 ngonyaka ngamnye. Kwaye kule mini eziwudibanisayo ngaphezulu le bar. Iminyaka emibini elandelelanayo, ezizezi-2009 no-2010, iRashiya uhamba phambili kwimveliso oli ehlabathini lonke. Kodwa sele ngo-2011 okokuqala kolu shishino iye Saudi Arabia.

Russian Federation - omnye nxaxheba libalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Isabelo kwemveliso ye-oli ekrwada Russian kweli hlabathi ngaphezu kwe-12%. Oyile kumazwe angaphandle lwenziwa phandle bobabini eYurophu kunye United of kummandla Asia-Pacific.

Kwilizwe lethu, imveliso oyile ikhutshwa phandle ziinkampani nkqo ezimanyeneyo. Total isebenza 9 kwamashishini amakhulu. Abawenza ngayo nezokukhupha ngaphezu kwe-90% yazo zonke i oyile kweli lizwe. abavelisi Medium neoli encinane kakhulu - kukho malunga 150. Le nkampani karhulumente "Gazprom" uphumeza imveliso ngeoli malunga 2.5% yazo zonke izinto, lo gama indima ephambili kunikwa amashishini ezizimeleyo kulo mbandela.

Iyintoni na intsingiselo Ukuhlanganiswa nkqo? Ukuba ngqondweni wonke umjikelo we-oyile kunye nezinto ekrwada imveliso ngohlobo kwekhonkco, ngoko ke umanyano zezi yunithi iza kuhlanganiswa. Ulandelelwano elandelayo Inkqubo:

• oyile ukuhlola, ukubhola, iziseko zophuhliso entsimini;
• ukukhutshwa oyile kunye nothutho izinto ezifunyenwe:
• iimveliso zepetroliyam kunye yokuhamba;
• ukuthengisa iimveliso zepetroliyam (ukumaketha).

Le iteknoloji ivumela isakhiwo ukuphumeza kwiqela lokulungileyo phezu kontanga yayo;

• isiqinisekiso supply izinto ekrwada kunye nentengiso lwemveliso petroleum;
• kunciphisa kakhulu iingozi ezinxulumene notshintsho kwimiqathango yemarike;
• production eliphezulu.

Enterprise "Rosneft" yaye "Lukoil" kukho iinkokheli elililo kwilizwe lethu, kwimveliso oyile.

ulwazi jikelele kwi-oli ekrwada

Iimpawu ze-oyile leyo aya kufunxwa kwimimandla zemozulu ezahlukeneyo, zahluke kakhulu. Xa inkcazelo, ioli - isakhiwo ulwelo viscous olunamafutha ukuba umbala enzulu emnyama. Kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo. Umbala 'igolide black "liye ezinye ezininzi - ukusuka emthubi-brown ukuya abamnyama nengafihliyo.

Isakhiwo kunye lobushushu yokunyibilika nazo yomahluko. Kukho iintlobo apho ziyahlala kwiimeko ehlotyeni band ephakathi, ngoxa abanye ahlale elulwelo nokuba kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu.

Emva kokuba i oyile itsalwa equleni, kufuneka zikwazi ukuya kwisiza processing.

Ngoko ke yintoni uphawu yeoli uthengisa Russian kangakanani kukhona enjalo ezahlukeneyo?

Kwilizwe lethu uvelisa kunye kumazwe 7 kumabakala yeoli, ngoxa ihlabathi apho kukho ngaphezu 20. Iintlobo oyinhloko othunyelwa lo Urals. Indleko ngalinye emiselwe isaphulelo uphawu ethile okanye premium ngokunxulumene kwibakala isiphawuli. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yale ezo Brent, WTI, kuMbindi Mpuma ekrwada.

Ukuba sithethe malunga Dynamics amaxabiso Brent, kwiminyaka emi-3 edlulileyo oko yawa kakhulu ukusuka 120 ukuya-38 eerandi umphanda nganye. Ukuza kuthi ga, ngexabiso layo ugcina macala-40 zeerandi.

Urals

Le iintlobo unalo share inkulu kumazwe oyile Russian - 55%.

wabonakala ioli Urals kwi kwimarike yehlabathi kwi '70s.

Le umhlanganisela kunye ubumdaka high nesalfure. Urals eqalisiweyo ukuthutha izinto ekrwada ngokusebenzisa yombhobho, "Transneft" namashishini evela emasimini elime kule ngingqi Urals, ummandla iVolga kunye Western eSiberia.

Urals oyile kumazwe ngokubonelela "Druzhba" yombhobho eYurophu. Kwakhona zithunyelwa nge kumazibuko kuLwandle aseBalti (Ust-Luga kunye Primorsk) kunye Black (Novorossiysk) ulwandle. Esimi zohanjiso banqongophele kakhulu, ngoko, le ezahlukeneyo ayikwazi ukuba priori ibe isiphawuli.

Urals isaphulelo mali kumiselwa i-1% xa kuthelekiswa Brent.

Yintoni brand athengise ioli Russian, ngaphandle Urals?

Rebco

Igama eklasini wenziwe oonobumba bokuqala Russian Export lweXRender ekrwada Oil. Enyanisweni, ukuba okufanayo Urals, nto leyo unikelwa nge Primorsk. LweNtelekelelo yeendleko elimiselwe isaphulelo se-1.3% xa kuthelekiswa Brent. Wasebenza kwi Commodity Exchange e-New York. share Rhweba ngaphandle kwi ngumthamo opheleleyo yi malunga ne-25%.

SiberianLight

It is brand izinto ukukhanya.

Production na Khanty-Mansi Ukuzilawula Area.

Ethuthwa inkampani yombhobho "Transneft" apho kugalelwe iVolga kunye neoli phambene, nto leyo ebizwa Urals. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye encinane nje imisebenzi yeoli eSiberia West njenge brand elizimeleyo. Ikakhulu isebenza nge kwizibuko Tuapse.

Price Siberian Light oli ekrwada buchazwa 0.5% Izaphulelo ixabiso Brent.

Sokol

ioli High Sakhalin kunye sulphur eliphantsi. Ixabiso Brent oli ekrwada angaphantsi kwe Sokol. Iindleko ujongwa supplement ka-7.5% ukuya iintlobo Dubai. Production oluqhutywa kwisakhelo kweprojekthi enkulu-isikali "Sakhalin-1". Kwamanye amazwe ngenxa n. DeKastri leyo kummandla iyavuma.

Vityaz

Brand yamafutha eveliswa eRashiya nayo kwisiqithi Sakhalin, njengoko Sokol. Indleko yale hlobo lubotshelelwe Dubai kraca. Iindleko ioli Vityaz uzimisele Dubai premium grade-6%. Kwamanye amazwe ngenxa n. Sakhalin indawo Prigorodnoe.

Espo

Russian ESPO abathengisa oli ekrwada kutshanje.

Iintlobo wabelithiyiwe kuba ihanjiswa igama elifanayo ESPO Mcetywa ( "eMpuma eSiberia - Pacific Ocean" okanye «East eSiberia - Pacific Ocean»). Iprojekthi zolwakhiwo kulo imibhobho kakhulu ezithembisayo njengoko ibandakanya ukunikwa "ngegolide abamnyama" ukuze China kunye nommandla Asia-Pacific.

Olu uhlobo yamafutha eveliswa eRashiya, ngumxube izinto ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba sele zisebenza. mfanelo yayo kunathi zonke ezaziwayo Urals kwibanga.

Iindleko ujongwa supplement-3.5% ukuya Dubai ekrwada.

ARCO

Olu uhlobo iveliswa kwi Arctic sentsimini "Prirazlomnoe", oko kukuthi ibekwe kuLwandle Pechora. Nguwo lowo kuphela hlobo yayo ehlabathini endle kude nonxweme, apho uphuhliso oluqhutywa umgama ngeekhilomitha-60 ukusuka kummandla wonxweme kwiqonga umile. Nge kwi kufunxwa ioli neetoni ezingaphezu kwezigidi 70.

Ixabiso Brent oli ekrwada angaphantsi kwe kwi ARCO.

Ngomhla kummandla lwelizwe lethu kuvelisa iintlobo eziliqela zeoli. Noko ke, 7 kuphela bathengiswe Brent ekrwada. Yintoni brand wathengisa ioli Russian kwi exchange yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe? Iintlobo eziphambili ke Urals kumazwe angaphandle kunye Rebco. isabelo sawo yokuthumela kwelinye ilizwe engaphezulu kwe 2/3 we ngumthamo opheleleyo. iintlobo Kwakhona kwamanye amazwe Vityaz, ARCO, Sokol, Siberian Ukukhanya ESPO. Eyona ethembisayo i ESPO uhlobo kungekudala anokuba isiphawuli kuba iipasile zabo zenziwe kummandla Asia.