Oli ekrwada ehlabathini. Russian oyile brand

Kule minyaka ilishumi yokugqibela ngakumbi nangakumbi eendaba bemchukumisa phezu imithombo ye-eneji. Akukho ngaphandle namafutha. Indleko yale hlobo ngezixhobo hydrocarbon ekrwada luqokelelane ngokuxhomekeke urhwebo wotshintshiselwano, kwakunye nezinto. oli ekrwada luphawulwa ubume iikhemikhali kunye nendawo imvelaphi, nto leyo iba nefuthe elithe ngqo kwixabiso lazo.

ulwazi jikelele

Ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye ibanga le-oyile - iimpawu ubunjani zemathiriyeli ekrwada, ukuveliswa oluqhutywa endle efanayo, yahlukile ukusuka abanye yakheke kunye efanayo. imithombo Oil babe ezahlukeneyo azalwa kuphela iinkcukacha zakhe, kwaye ke ngoko kukho isidingo ukuhlelwa yayo. Ukuze lula inkqubo ngaphandle, oko kwenziwe phantsi kwemiqathango kwi kokwahlulwa ioli ukukhanya inzima.

Kwihlabathi kuvelisa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-20 kwemigodi ngonyaka. Umzekelo, ukuthunyelwa oli ekrwada ephambili Russia - oyile Urals enzima kunye nokukhanya Siberian ukuKhanya, lo gama bonke 5 ntlobo zaveliswa. EUnited States kukho ngaphezu kokuba iintlobo kweshumi. Ngenxa loo yantlukwano asingabo bonke bephela eniza kuyithengisa kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngoko ke, ixabiso lophawu nganye kumiselwa xa kuthelekiswa ukuya kumabanga marker - British Brent oli ekrwada, i-US WTI kunye noMbindi Mpuma eMiddle East ekrwada.

Ixabiso yamanqaku ngalinye kumiselwa isaphulelo oyile okanye isalamane premium ukuya kwibakala isiphawuli kuxhomekeke material izinga ekrwada. Umzekelo, i-oyile enzima ezinomthamo aphezulu ukungcola nesulfure ziya bakurholela ngaphantsi okanye enye Brent WTI.

Iimpawu zempahla ekrwada

Njengomgaqo, ioli luchazwa ulwelo emnyama olunamafutha, kodwa inkcazelo enjalo akunjalo kuzo zonke iimeko. Imibala ingahluka omnyama ube tyheli selubala.

Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo nayo ke okuza of viscosity nawokunyibilika. Abanye oli ekrwada ukuze ziyahlala kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ngoxa abanye ahlale elulwelo kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu. Ngenxa yeyantlukwano iimpawu wenza nokwahlula olunemiqathango kwiintlobo ningene ekukhanyeni, aphakathi kunye enzima.

Kule ifidi ngenkankulu kusetyenziswa ifom nyulu, ngoko ukuze ufumane oyile imveliso yokurhweba into irisayikilishwe. Isantya nocikizeko nokuhoywa izinto ekrwada kisekiyo ngqo lexinene sulphur kunye ukungcola.

iintlobo Ukukhanya ayabiza kakhulu ngenxa yabo ukufumana iimveliso ezifana ipetroli, idizili, separafini. wafumana oil amafutha kunye sibaso yamaziko zamabakala enzima asetyenziswa ngaphantsi rhoqo, ngoko ke ixabiso kubo ngezantsi.

anika umdla

De kwangowe-1973, ixabiso "igolide black" waba iidola hayi ngaphezulu kwe-3. Ixabiso liye landa oluphindwe-4 emva kokuvalwa yokuthumela izinto ekrwada ukusuka kumazwe Arab. Ekuqaleni 80s ngexesha lokudodobala kumazwe kuMbindi Mpuma, iindleko aphakathi kuka-15 no-35 zeerandi.

Oyile kunye sulphur elisezantsi ubizwa ngokuba 'elimnandi' kwaye high - ". Bayaxabana" Loo isihloko wafumana, ngokuba ngenkulungwane ye-19, iinkampani ioli baye bazama kuyo. Iindleko zokulungisa ioli ezimuncu ekrwada iphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo processing elimnandi. Ngoko ke, sweet kusoloko ngexabiso.

A isici esasenza istock exchange eNew York kukuba ixabiso dollar ocatshulwe zempahla ekrwada umphanda, kunye nemveliso evela kuyo - ngeesenti neelitha nganye.

E London, esebenza International Petroleum Exchange, apho ebudeni bemini bakurholela amakamva ngaphezulu kwe 50,000 kwi amabakala ahlukeneyo oli ekrwada kunye namafutha Brent.

ukunikezelwa yamafutha Physical zenziwa kuphela ye-1% of izivumelwano amakamva.

e-oli ekrwada e Russia

Iyonke ezithunyelwa evela Russia kumaBakala 6 ioli.

Urals ekuveliseni Khanty-Mansi Ukuzilawula weSithili kunye Tatarstan Republic. Olu phawu lubonakala ngokuba isiqulatho eliphezulu iikhompawundi isalfure hydrocarbon enzima. Ixabiso oli Urals bubonwa discounted yayo kwibakala North Sea Brent. Le grade yalungiselelwa ngokuxuba ioli kunye West Siberian iVolga, ngenxa apho umgangatho ubunzima. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ukuzama ngaphandle kwezi zinto zokufunda Urals Tatarstan. Ixabiso oli Urals amiliswe kwi yorhwebo exchange unathi.

Siberian Light olwavezwa Khanty-Mansi Ukuzilawula Area. I-sulphur ngazo phantse 3 amaxesha ngaphantsi kunokuba Urals.

Arctic Oil itsalwa kwi lokugcinwa kwezinto kuLwandle Pechora. Lo wokuqala Russian intsimi oyile, ibekwe i-Arctic Ocean. Olona phawu olwahlula brand yeoli Russian yi ezixineneyo kunye nomxholo eliphezulu nesalfure. Oil itsalwa kwi-60 km ukusuka kummandla wonxweme njengeqonga fixed.

Sokol lubonakala ngokuba isiqulatho phantsi ukungcola. Scout on Sakhalin Island. Rhweba ngaphandle nge Harabov.

ESPO luphawulwa loxinano eliphantsi sulphur ephantsi evela eMpuma eSiberia. Ithuthwa nge ESPO ezisendleleni.

oyile brand Sakhalin, efanayo nezinga ekrwada Omani - Vityaz. Zithunyelwe Trans yombhobho.

oli ekrwada ehlabathini: ngokuhlelwa jikelele

Ulwahlulo ihlabathi lonke "igolide abamnyama" isekelwe brand ezimbini - oyile Sweet ekrwada kunye Light Sweet-oli ekrwada.

oli ekrwada Sweet - izinto ekrwada kunye sulphur umkhulu kwe-0.5%, kwakunye emanzini kunye carbon dioxide. Okwangoku, esi uphawu isetyenziswa ekuveliseni zepetroli.

Light oyile Sweet ekrwada iphantsi ngamafutha. Viscosity nokuxinana ziyahluka.

Ngokusekelwe iimpawu ezi ntlobo, le-oli ekrwada iye okubangelwa kuya nobhalo ilandelayo:

• ukukhanya (esiphezulu);
• uluhlaza (umxholo Yanjengomthwebeba eliphantsi);
• enzima (mninzi eliphantsi);
• sweet (isalfure sezantsi).

reference iintlobo

Xa iyonke kukho 3 ioli uphawu ehlabathini, nto leyo ithathwa ukuba ibhekisele.

Brent (ekrwada) - North Sea ekrwada medium ezinoxinano iqulethe 0.5% ukungcola nesalfure. Isetyenziswa kwi elivelisa naphakathi kwabo, ngokunjalo ipetroli. Ixabiso Brent oli ekrwada - isiseko ukuyilwa amaxabiso ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu zonke ezinye iintlobo ehlabathini.

WTI ke geni US isimo eTexas. Onokuxinana ngaphezulu Brent, sulphur - 0.25%.

Dubai ekrwada - oyile United Arab Emirates. Eyaziwa ngokuba fong. It has a mninzi eliphantsi. Iqulethe ukuya kwi-2% ukungcola nesalfure.

Iintlobo ifakiwe i-OPEC engobozini kumazwe angaphandle

OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) ibale indleko babengabethu omnye okanye omnye isebenzisa i index "ingobozi OPEC». Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nengobozi OPEC iquka 11 brand of "igolide black":

• Uxubo Saharan (Algeria);
• Es see- (Libya);
• Arab Ukukhanya (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Ukukhanya (Iraq);
• Bonny Ukukhanya (Nigeria);
• Iran Heavy (Iran);
• Kuwait Export (Kuwait);
• Murban (United Arab Emirates);
• Qatar Marine (Qatar);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Neoli ngumqolo kwezoqoqosho ezininzi - zombini kwamazwe asakhasayo. Oil ukuhlola olwenziwe zozibini nomsinga ezishelfini kwezilwandle. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-20 ka "ngegolide black". Ukongeza, iintlobo nganye inayo iikhemikhali nokubunjwa kwayo ezizodwa. Amagama reference ephambili echaphazela amaxabiso ehlabathini lonke, loo nto ixela Brent, WTI kunye Dubai ekrwada. Izitampu ioli Russian kokuya kwamanye amazwe: Urals, Siberian ukuKhanya, Arctic Oli, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Amakamva izivumelwano konikezelo izinto okrwada kwiimarike yorhwebo yehlabathi. Ngokusisiseko, le New York kunye London Stock Exchange. In Russia esebenza a th (eMoscow).