Yintoni na le nto? Zeziphi iiklasi kwezinto. Umahluko phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo

Kubomi singqongwe ezahlukeneyo imizimba nezinto. Ngokomzekelo, xa kumasango window, ucango, itafile, isibane, indebe, kwisitrato - yezithuthi imoto, igada. Naliphi na iqumrhu okanye izinto yakhiwa mba. Eli nqaku liza kuxoxwa ukuba into enjalo.

Yintoni chemistry?

Le zesayensi yemvelo ukuba ufunda izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, ubume babo, iimpawu kunye nokuguqulwa ibe ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Chemistry uthengwayo yeyomnye kwiindawo ezibanzi nenzululwazi yendalo kwaye sele efunda ukudibana phakathi molecule atom. Inika umbono ocacileyo yintoni na into, kwaye kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu zemvelo eziphilayo, ngoko libhekisela nenzululwazi yezobugqi.

Ixabiso chemistry ebomini bomntu

Izimbiwa, eziphilayo, namatye kunye nomoya ubunjwe ngawona ezahlukeneyo izinto ezifanayo. Owona mahluko phakathi ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo apho iimolekyuli akhiwa izinto ezithile chemical. Lubalulekile ubomi onokuphila wethu iya kuba umjikelezo imichiza.

ubomi bomntu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle iimveliso zoshishino (ukutya, iivithamini, amayeza, izinto izithambiso, imicu zokwenziwa, izinto zokwakha, iintlobo ipeyinti kunye ivanishi, izichumiso kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi).

Molecule atom

Nayiphi na into akhiwa ngamasuntswana amancinci kakhulu ngokuba iimolekyuli (kwisiLatini - ubunzima). Zonke molekyuli luqulathe engaphezulu yokungcoliswa - atom, okanye kunoko, ezi umphakathi leyo singqongwe elektroni yangaphakathi langaphandle uyila imixokelelwane imichiza. Athom ube nelitye ethile, yaye ngenxa yoko ke nokwakhiwa lodaba rhoqo. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale isakhiwo molecule eziye zafunyanwa kuphando ekudibaneni kwemichiza, uhlalutyo iikhompawundi chemical kunye nokusetyenziswa iindlela emzimbeni. I-atom kwi molecule eziqhagamshelene kwiintambo imichiza. amasuntswana obungabonakaliyo zinemoletyhule kunokuba entle nengentlanga ityala.

Ingcamango kweziyobisi

Yintoni na le nto? Iziyobisi ithathwa ukuba enamakhulu zonke izidumbu kunye izinto indalo engqongileyo. Nayiphi molecule into equlethe kunye molecule, yena, yakhiwa athom. Umzekelo, isikhonkwane iya kuba nomzimba, nentsimbi - kweziyobisi. Naziphi na izinto babe ezithile iipropati ngokwasemzimbeni kunye imichiza.

iimpawu Physical ziquka iimpawu ezahlula enye kwezinye izinto. Ezi ziquka: karhulumente ngokwasemzimbeni, ukuxinana, ukunyibilika, umbala, ayenechaphothi, lobushushu (okubila okanye indawo yokunyibilika), lombane.

Chemical Properties - Iimpahla izinto usabela, zibonakale kwiinkqubo weekhemikhali (reactions).

Injongosenzi ukwazisa imichiza ngokweempawu emzimbeni eekhemikhali kweziyobisi.

ezahlukeneyo izinto

Kukho udidi lunezinto Kukho ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo. Nje zibandakanya izinto ezinama-athom le nto imichiza. Umzekelo, iimolekyuli iigesi egalelwe (neon, argon, ioksijini, bromine, iodine). K complex ziquka zonke izinto ezithe kwasekwa ngenxa uxhulumaniso-athom ezahlukeneyo (amanzi, ityuwa, icarbon dioxide, potassium permanganate, sucrose). izinto ezisebenzayo - izinto ngendlela abasabela yemichiza ekwaziyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo komhlaba kwindawo ingqalelo phezu komhlaba.

izinto eziphilayo

Olu didi lubandakanya zonke izinto zabo kuqamba kuquka carbon. An mahle la carbides, oxides carbon, carbonates kunye siyanadzi necarbon equlathe neegesi.

izinto molecule saccharides yakhiwa izakhi ezintathu, kwaye ngowona mthombo wamandla ukuba izinto eziphilayo. Monosaccharide - inamehlo ngaphandle kwazo crystallization. Oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) kuqulatha ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ezine molecule monosaccharides. Baye crystallization. Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, Araban, xylans) incasa okunencasa kwaye musa ukuluhlakaza emanzini. Owona msebenzi wabo - ukudibanisa, ubuhlobo kunye nomphetho eziseleni. Ukuze kudidi lwe iikhompawundi lipid ngoku kuzo zonke iiseli eziphilayo. Bajonga amatyathanga carbon elula okanye iintsalela neemolekyuli elibujikele. Yahlulwe amafutha (triglycerides kunye cala) kunye lipids. Kuyinto esters nzima. okunamafutha acid (stearic, ricin) nazo zifumaneka eziphilayo. Lipids - izinto ezityebileyo-ezifana ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yesakhiwo. Bazimilisa Imicu athambekele ngokucacileyo. Ngu enzyme iinkqubo zebhayoloji asebenzayo accelerators protein indalo. Abayi iba kwi ukusabela ehlanganisa yamachiza zahlukile kwezo bayakwazi ukwandisa izinga reaction kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo.

inorganics

Xa izinto ezingaphiliyo zibandakanya amanzi, ioksijini, ikharbon, hydrogen, initrogen, potassium, calcium, isodiyam, phosphorus, nesalfure.

Amanzi i isinyibilikisi ebalulekileyo kunye somfanekiso. It has a umthamo ubushushu olomeleleyo conductivity thermal. Kwemvelo kukholekileyo ngenxa kukuvela reactions ezisisiseko chemical. Lubonakala yi elubala kwaye phantse ukumelana ucinezelo.

Ubume sabaninzi initrogen non-iproteni ifakiwe. Isalfure ubesoloko ethatha inxaxheba ekwakheni zabo. Uninzi eziphilayo ziqulathe phosphorus kwifomu bezimbiwa. Potassium ifumaneka iiseli ngohlobo ion. Oyenza isebenze intsalela enzayim esika iiproteni. Sodium yinxalenye egazini kwaye yenza indima enkulu elawula balance amanzi yonke eziphilayo. Iron azenzayo inxaxheba kwiinkqubo yokuphefumla, yefotosinthesis licandelo mpilo. In yokudla komuntu kuza yonke imihla 2 mg zezobhedu. yokuswela kwakhe utyhila anaemia, iingxaki ukutya kunye nesifo sentliziyo. Manganese kuchaphazela iinkqubo uhlaziyo izityalo. lusicande Izinki asidi. Ibhoroni kuchaphazela ukukhula eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Xa ukungabikho kwalo emhlabeni zifa iintyatyambo kunye nemijelo conductive izityalo. Molybdenum ngamandla utshabalalisa izinambuzane yaye yaphinda yathandwa ngokubanzi kwisityalo.

Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezingaphiliyo organic?

umahluko ikakhulukazi lwangaphandle phakathi kwala maqela mabini akukho nto. Umahluko ephambili iza kuxhomekeka kubume apho izinto ezingaphiliyo na isakhiwo non-eziphilayo, kwaye organic - eziphilayo.

izinto ezingaphiliyo na isakhiwo non-eziphilayo, ngoko ke luphawulwa yokunyibilika eliphezulu lobushushu abilayo. Bona azinamgaqo-carbon. Ezi ziquka iigesi amanene (neon, argon), izinyithi (calcium, calcium, sodium), amphoterics (intsimbi, aluminiyamu), kunye nonmetals (lesilicon), hydroxides, iikhompawundi yokubini, iityuwa.

izinto eziphilayo isakhiwo eziphilayo. Zinelungelo lobushushu yokunyibilika ephantsi ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukubola ngokukhawuleza xa itshiswe. Ikakhulu yimbali carbon. Ngaphandle: carbides, carbonates, oxides yekhabhoni siyanadzi. Carbon kuvumela ukwenza inani enkulu iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo (ngokwendalo zabo ngaphezu kwe-10 million).

Abaninzi kubo bangamalungu kwiiklasi yokuzalwa eziphilayo (iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprotheni, lipids, ii-asidi acid). Ezi zinto ziquka kwayo isakhiwo nitrogen, hydrogen, ioksijini, iphosphate kunye nesalfure.

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na into kuyimfuneko ukuba asondeze, yintoni indima yaso ebomini bethu. Zihlanganise namanye izinto, yenza entsha. Ngaphandle kwabo, ubomi behlabathi elijikelezileyo engenakususwa kunye lee. Zonke izinto zenziwe kwezinto ezithile, ngoko ke badlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bethu.