Yintoni na imiphumo relativistic?

physics Classical linoluvo lokuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ndawo umntu akuyo, uya kufumana iziphumo efanayo imilinganiselo ixesha kunye nobude. Umgaqo ka ithi ukuba abantu bakwazi ukufumana iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, igqwethwe okanye ezo zibizwa ngokuba "neziphumo relativistic". Xa besondela isantya physics ukukhanya Newtonian amanyathelo bucala.

isivamvo sokukhanya

Scientist A. Michelson kuqhutywa ngo-1881 yokulinganisa isantya wokukhanya, ndaqonda ukuba ezi ziphumo ziya akuxhomekekanga kwisantya ngayo ihambisa umthombo radiation. Ndawonye ne eV Michelson Morley ulingelo 1887 benza olunye experiment, emva koko ihlabathi kwacaca: Akukho mba apho ngakulo isikali isantya ukukhanya yonke indawo yaye sisoloko efanayo. Iziphumo zezi zifundo xa uphikisana kunye nezimvo physics ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba ukuba ukukhanya ohamba kwindawo ethile (umoya), kwaye iplanethi ihamba ngendlela efanayo kwixesha eliphakathi, imilinganiselo kumacala ahlukeneyo ayikwazi kuba efanayo.

Kamva, sezibalo isiFrentshi, sezinto kunye ngeenkwenkwezi Jules Anri Puankare wayengomnye wabaseki ingcamango ka. Waba ithiyori Lorentz ekuthe zokubhala kaEtere ezikhoyo, ngoko ke isantya ukukhanya isalamane kuyo akaxhomekekanga umthombo izinga. Kwizakhelo ihamba kuthwalelwa Lorentz inguqu, kunokuba (inguqu UGalileo yamkelwa ukuza kuthi ga ubucukubhede Newtonian) lo ngowaseGalili na. Okokugqibela ukuguqulwa yaseGalili waba ityala ekhethekileyo inguqu Lorentz, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba enye inkqubo isalathisi inertial ngencinane (xa kuthelekiswa isantya ukukhanya) zesantya.

Ukupheliswa le kaEtere

ukusebenza Relativistic zokunciphisa ubude, okwabizwa ngokuba Lorentz ucutheko, kukuba ukuba obukeleyo izinto ihamba xa kuthelekiswa kuyo, kuya kuba ubude elincinci.

A igalelo elibalulekileyo kwithiyori ka Albert Eynshteyn yaziswa. Wabubhangisa ngokupheleleyo gama ezifana "kaEtere", ukuya kweli xesha prisutstvavshy ekuqiqeni kunye izibalo zesayensi, nabo bonke iikhonsepthi malunga neempawu indawo kunye nexesha, yena lususwa yeefom.

Emva kokuba lisebenze ngaphandle ekukhanyeni Einstein, Poincare wayeka nje ukubhala amaphepha enzululwazi ngalo mbandela, kodwa akazange ayikhankanye igama oogxa bakhe nayiphi na imisebenzi yakhe, ngaphandle kwimeko kuphela njengesalathisi kwithiyori le isivamvo. Poincare waqhubeka ukuxoxa iimpawu iEtere, likhankanya bemkhanyela nayiphi kokupapashwa Einstein, nangona kulo mzekelo sisazinzulu elikhulu kunene, lokuphathwa ngentlonipho, nkqu wamnika inkalo brilliant, xa nolawulo Higher Polytechnic School Singathanda ukukumema Einstein e Zurich ukuba ube unjingalwazi esikolweni.

imfundiso ka

Abaninzi abo ngokupheleleyo sichasene physics nemathematika, ubuncinane ngokubanzi, koko imfundiso ka, kuba mhlawumbi edume iithiyori zenzululwazi. It postulates kwanto lweengcinga eziqhelekileyo ixesha kunye nendawo, kwaye nangona bonke abafundi bafunde ingcamango ka, kodwa ukuqonda sitsho alanelanga nje ukwazi ifomula.

ukusebenza komlomo ixesha yavavanywa eksperimenti moya supersonic. Ezichanekileyo clock atomic ebhodini, emva kokubuyela waqalisa lag ukuba liqhekeke yesibini. Ukuba kukho ababukeleyo ezimbini, enye yazo zokubhala kunye nezinye lihamba ngesantya isalamane ethile kowokuqala, lo gama i-mkhanya ngubani na zokubhala, kuya kuhamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye into ihamba mzuzu iya kuhlala ithutyana elide. Noko ke, ukuba mkhanyo ihambe uya kugqiba ukuya emva uze uhlole ixesha, kuvela ukuba iwotshi yakhe wabonisa ezincinane kancinane kuqala. Oko kukuthi, ukuba umgama omkhulu kakhulu kwi kwisikali isithuba, yena "wachitha" ixesha ngaphantsi, ehamba.

imiphumela Relativistic ebomini

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukujonga iziphumo relativistic kuphela xa isantya wokukhanya, okanye indlela ukuya kuyo, yaye okunene ngentlawulelo, kodwa unako wati kubo, Andisazityobozi nje phezulu isiphekepheke yakho. Ngomhla amaphepha kwijenali yenzululwazi Physical Review Izincwadi zifundwe kwi theory zezazinzulu Swedish. Babhala ukuba iziphumo relativistic abakhoyo nkqu ibhetri ukuba isithuthi. Nkqubo Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza elektroni ye atom welothe (ngasendleleni, banalo isizathu inkoliso ombane kule iiclamps). Lize lichaze kutheni, nangona Ukufana ilothe nenkcenkce, iibhetri tin-based azisebenzi.

izinyithi ezingaqhelekanga

ngesantya ukujikeleza ye electron kwi atom iphantsi gqitha, ngoko ke ithiyori kwezinto nje ayikasebenzi, kodwa kukho ezinye ngaphandle. Ukuba uhamba phambili phambili phantsi etafileni ngamaxesha athile, kucacile ukuba ilothe yesimathane inzima kunezo ezininzi izinto kulo. Ubunzima esikhulu eziba leyo counterbalanced ngokwandisa Velocity electron, kwaye kusenokwenzeka nokuba angaya ukukhanya.

Xa siqwalasela lo mba evela imfundiso ka, kucacile ukuba electron kwityala enjalo kufuneka ibe nobunzima kakhulu. Indlela kuphela ukugcina isantya emboxo, kodwa iya Orbital zixinaniswe radially, kwaye eneneni waphawula kwi atom zesinyithi enzima, kodwa Orbital electron "slow" andiguquguquki. Le isiphumo relativistic uyaqapheleka atom zesinyithi ethile s-orbitals kunye milo echanekileyo, spherically macala. Kukholelwa ukuba ngenxa ka mercury na imo yolwelo lwe udibaniso kubushushu igumbi.

emkhathini

Space yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye imigama omkhulu, okanye xa eqhuba ngesantya lokukhanya kungathatha ixesha elide kakhulu libeyise. Umzekelo, ukuba ukufika Alpha Centauri - inkwenkwezi elikufutshane, isiphekepheke, ukuba isantya wokukhanya, kuthatha iminyaka emine, kwaye ukuphumeza kumnyele wethu elingummelwane - i Esikhulu Magellanic Cloud - imfuneko 160 amawaka eminyaka.

Bhabha ku Alpha Centauri kunye umva nangoku kunokwenzeka, kuba iyonke efunekayo iminyaka esibhozo, kunye nabahlali isithuthi abaziva isiphumo kwexesha komlomo, kweli thuba iza kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu, kodwa Ekubuyeni kwakhe uhambo oluya angabamelwane oosomajukujuku Galaxy ufumanise ukuba iplanethi lwabo lweenkobe ukuba kudlule anamanci mabini kangangamawaka eminyaka, senkcubeko yoluntu kusenokwenzeka ukuba kudala abasekho. Ngenxa yoko, imiphumo relativistic kuvumela abantu ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kucingwa enye yeengxaki eziphambili ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, kuba yintoni na indawo ukoyisa enyangeni, ukuba abakwazi ukubuyela?

izenzo

Ukongeza kwixesha kade phantsi ezaziwayo-kakuhle, kwaye kukho i relativistic isiphumo Doppler, awathi ukuba umthombo yomtshangatshangiso uqala ihamba, ukuba zandise lokutshangatshangisa kwicala le intshukumo, uya ziqondeka ngumbukeli njenge "mfutshane", kwaye ukususa ngamaza inyuswe.

Loo into ekuso nayiphi ngamaza, ngoko ke bunokubonwa umzekelo isandi kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuncitshiswa isandi kwasephakadeni, abantu abevanga yabantu njengethowuni nokunyuka. Ngoko ke, xa umqondiso uloliwe okanye imoto nga ukususela kude, kuba asezantsi, kwaye ukuba uloliwe abaza kudlula mkhanyo, nokuphimisela kwi isandi enye, ukuphakama kwayo kuya kuba ngaphezulu ngexesha ndlela, kodwa kamsinya nje ke, akusondela amaziko inqanaba kunye uloliwe siyakrazula, ithowuni ijika sisehla sibe ngaphantsi kwaye ezakuqhubeka ukuya kwi kumanqaku asezantsi.

Ezi ziphumo relativistic zibangelwa yi-classical utshintsho analog ifrikwensi kwisamkeli nomthombo eshukumayo kunye nexesha deceleration relativistic.

malunga ubutsalane

Ukongeza, zezinto banamhlanje ngakumbi kokuxoxa lo mhlaba otsalayo njenge isiphumo relativistic. Ngokwale ukutyhilwa, lo mhlaba otsalayo asinto kumbutho ozimeleyo wenyama eziphathekayo, ayikho nkqu uhlobo obubonakala magnetic field. Lo mhlaba otsalayo ngokwemigaqo kwithiyori ka - inkqubo kuphela leyo eyenzeka kwisithuba ngeenxa zonke izityholo indawo ngenxa ukudlulisela esigangeni yombane.

Amarhamente lo mbono, bakholelwa ukuba xa C (isivamvo sokukhanya in ongenawo) engenakuphela ndawo ke, isantya andise leendibano kakhulu ibiya kuba unlimited, yaye ngenxa yoko akukho nawuphi izenzo ubutsalane.