Kuphakanyiswa Social: yintoni na intsingiselo yalo ukuze uluntu lwale mihla?

Kwinkulungwane XIX kokuba laqhenqetha iimbono ezinjalo kwi yokuma koluntu oluntu, njengoko apho isibaluli yokuqingqa umahluko ekuhlaleni yayinokuthanani iindlela zemveliso. Ingakumbi, le mbono waba Marxism. Noko ke, bempilo yawo ekwanti kuphela iiklasi, kodwa umaleko ngaphakathi kwiklasi nganye (umzekelo; amancinci, aphakathi kunye noohlohlesakhe ezinkulu), ngaloo ndlela egxininisa ukuba ukungalingani kunye nokuhlutha okufana naliphi na iqela labantu. Noko ke, ayekholelwa ukuba kufuneka koyiswe, yaye iklasi enjalo, isigaba, ukudlala lo msebenzi embalini.

ingqiqo eyenziwe Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ithiyori eklasini, ngokusekelwe umahluko lwentlalo ngokulinganayo abelele khona. Umbhali yale theory ezithile ngokwezinga yaba Pitirim Sorokin. Waba sonke isimiso iimpawu kunye nendlela yokugweba ye- ezithile ngokwezinga, ezakha isakhiwo kumzimba lwentlalo. Kulomcimbi Sorokin univariate kunye multivariate ezithile ngokwezinga, oko kukuthi, ukwahlulwa zoluntu ngokwamaqela ezifana 'Ingxenye "kwi inkalo enye iseti lonke kubo. Yena wabe ezi iyaxela malunga neempawu iimpawu ezifana ingqesho, ingeniso, iimeko zokuphila, imfundo, imikhwa ngokwasengqondweni, iinkolelo zonqulo, isimbo yokuziphatha, kunye nabanye abaninzi. kwabantu abaninzi usebenzo bakholelwa isiseko ezinawo kunye inxalenye 'anesiphelo "lobume lwentlalo.

Izazinzulu nabo banomdla kwindlela bayahlelwa umahluko ngamnye kunye nentlalo yoluntu zigqitywa ukwahlulwa ibe Ingxenye. Bona kubalwa amathuba utshintsho ukusuka kwiqela ukuya kwenye (ukuhamba tye), kwakunye neeklasi (nkqo), kwizizukulwana omnye, ababini okanye ngaphezulu, uphawulo phakathi kwabo ukushukumiseka osemthethweni kunye random. Xa ukufunda ingxaki ezithile ngokwezinga ngendima enkulu edlalwa kwithiyori Max Weber. Wayekholelwa ukuba umahluko phakathi amaqela abantu, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa ufikelelo ubutyebi yoluntu, amandla kunye nomthetho, kodwa iimpawu zentlalo - isidima nodumo. Ngokutsho Weber, iqela ngalinye njengenxalenye njengohlobo ezithile zobomi - imikhwa, iipateni, imilinganiselo.

Ukufunda imilinganiselo ezichaza ukuziphatha kwabantu kule nkqubo karhulumente, kwakunye zobulumko njani umahluko ekuhlaleni kuchaphazela iwonga labo, Sizibandakanye neengcali ezifana Lyndon kunye Mead. Ezo amacandelo indima yentlalo, njengokuba nemvukelo nodumo, abantu ngokufanelekileyo kwabelwane liqela zabo, ukuze kuhlolwe nayiphi na umntu okanye isiganeko esithile (umzekelo, impahla lophawu kuthenga, ukuba bathumele abantwana babo University Yelky ke kufuneka ukuba i Rolls, Royce okanye Mercedes ). Ukuba umntu ufuna ukuphelisa ngendima ebekwe, njengoko umthetho, kukholelwa ukuba ithe yalahleka iwonga, yaye linokusetyenziswa yakhe ukwayo zentlalo.

kuphakanyiswa Social kwezi meko iba iqela reaction, yaye uluntu lonke kwi ukuziphatha womntu, nto leyo "uyala 'ukuzalisekisa ezilindelekileyo bokuthobela imigaqo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi kunye nemilinganiselo. izohlwayo ezinjalo kufumaneka phantsi komthetho, yaye ngamanye amaxesha zisekelwe amasiko, izimilo okanye inkolo. Oku uphawu ingakumbi yemveli yoluntu, xa ukuya kwikhosi noba inyathelo ngokwasemzimbeni - ngokundibetha, isohlwayo sokufa, okanye Lynch kokutshatana, entolongweni. Kwezinye iimeko, izohlwayo yezoqoqosho ezifana imali okanye ngokuthathelwa impahla. Kodwa kuninzi lwamazwe mihla ikakhulu ukubonisa iimpawu elilinganiselweyo nantlonelo.

Unxibelelwano phakathi iindima zentlalo, ubume, izohlwayo, udumo, kunye nezinye iindlela eso befunda uqeqesho olukhethekileyo, interactionism. Ngalinye kula maqela, bathi izazinzulu, kudala eyabo "ihlabathi" yayo apho ipeyintwe "script ubomi" izenzo ezithile, iimpahla ezithile. Kukho umahluko ekuhlaleni ulwimi eyenziwe umahluko phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu abantu entsimini zobungcali okanye inkampani. Kodwa nezigwinta iyahlozinga. Abo okanye ezinye iziganeko karhulumente, ingakumbi omkhulu-isikali, amandla abantu ukuba uhlaziye indima yabo nokwenza iintshukumo maxa wambi ezingalindelekanga kakhulu. Ngoko utshintsho kwihlabathi eqhelekileyo apho indima esanda ezisasaziweyo.