Yintoni na imali? Lwemali Russian. dollar lwemali

Igama Italian "imali" ngolwimi Russian kwakunjalo phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ekuqaleni oku kwakuthetha "nentlawulo mthetho," kodwa phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, uye wafumana intsingiselo entsha - "inkqubo wemali . Likarhulumente, exhaswa ngu igolide" Kweli nqaku siza sichaze ukuba yintoni lwemali.

Overview

Yamaphepha, iinkozo, amanqaku wokulondoloza imali, nto leyo bathambile zomthetho isiseko nkqubo wemali karhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba imali. In Lexicon yekhaya, lo gama amaninzi isetyenziswa njenge lwemali wamanye amazwe. Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ngcamango zimbini sebenzisa ubhalo kulandelayo:

• currency evaliweyo isebenza urhulumente;
• ingathityazwa zibe nokutshintshanisa ngenxa iiyunithi lemali kwelinye ilizwe.

kwizimali

Kwilizwe ngalinye kukho kazwelonke amazwe iimali. Lwemali Russia - engange, leyo ke kwegazi, urhoxile ejikeleza, imali kwi-akhawunti zeebhanki kwi Russian Federation nakumazwe aphesheya, ngubani zibonakaliswa njengendlela intlawulo. Imali wesizwe kusetyenziswa ukubala lwangaphakathi, kunye angaphandle - for ngamazwe. Eyesibini imali ezikhona simahla okanye ayichatshazelwa kuyo, kodwa njengendlela intlawulo kwilizwe langaphandle okanye iqela kumazwe. Okunye ngamazwe kufuneka ukutshintshiselana lwemali ngokusekelwe kwekhosi emiselweyo. Oku ixabiso lwemali eveze kwiiyunithi emali bomnye uMbuso. Le khosi ibekwe ngokusekelwe kwakunye nokufunwa kwimarike imali yelinye ilizwe. Iimpahla kuso iimali: engange, zeedollar, yen, njalo-njalo. Amazinga lwemali basekhaya amazwe ziyahluka kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ukuwa kweendleko currency lwangaphakathi kukhokelela ekuthotyweni kwexabiso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle nezingenayo imali eninzi kakhulu.

ngerandi ezinzile

Ngokutsho izinga lozinzo kwezifundo zahlulwe lwamandla nobuthathaka. currency nzima exhaswa yi reserve igolide, iyamelana ixabiso nezinye iiyunithi emali. Kuba strong Akumangalisi ezingaphezu ixabiso lemalike phezu ixabiso ebusweni. currency amandla kangako ukumelana exchange rate lwemali yamanye amazwe. izinga layo market ngezantsi par. Imali efanayo ngokubonakalayo eyomeleleyo ababuthathaka nxamnye kwemali yamazwe ezahlukeneyo.

Amazinga exchange ezisemthethweni amazwe nxamnye engange kucwangcisa i Central Bank suku ngalunye. Baya kungena ukusebenza ngomhla wokugqibela ekusetyenzwayo olulandelayo emva kokusayina kwaye isebenza de kukhutshwe esinye isaziso. Ezi data apapashwa kwi-website ye-Bank of Russia. Noko ke, imbopheleleko weebhanki ukuba athenge okanye athengise imali kule rate apho. Kuba abantu amaqumrhu asemthethweni loo nkcazelo nkongomiso kuphela. Ukuze ufumane i ngqo izinga lotshintshiselwano kuya kufuneka asebenzise imali Converter. Izakufunyanwa kuyo nayiphi na ibhanki.

Iimpawu leeyunithi emali

Iimeko kunye neentengiso luxhomekeke kunyanzelo abazibeka ngurhulumente kwaye luphawulwa convertibility ukhetho. Kuyinto ulawulo lwemali karhulumente ethile evumela imisebenzi yezoqoqosho angaphandle apha ekuhambeni ngokutshintshiselana lwemali kazwelonke amazwe. Ngokutsho kwesi salathisi amazinga beebhanki yahlulwe ngokwamaqela amathathu.

iintlobo convertibility

Ncokola currency ukuguqulelwa (SVK) bananise yayizisela iimali zamanye amazwe, kwakunye indlela yentlawulo esetyenziswayo yobalo kwi imisebenzi ngamazwe. Ukuziqhelisa hlabathi, iimpawu eziphambili ingeniso zezi:

• kungekho nayiphi na isithintelo exchange;
• izinga lotshintshiselwano bhetyebhetye.

ZeCRS isetyenziswa ethunyelwayo kwinkqubo yentlawulo ngamazwe (CLS). Lwenza abantu kunye namashishini yokuqhuba imicimbi ngaphandle wonaniselwano lwemali kazwelonke nanini na ukuguqulelwa.

Kokuba kusetyenzwe imbambano JMC, yiya kumbuzo oko ikharensi ngokungaphelelanga zijikwe kwaye ivaliwe (hayi ukuguqulelwa).

Eyokuqala i lwemali anemiqathango athile kwi ingeniso kummandla othile, kuba abanye abantu, okanye iindidi eziliqela imisebenzi. Ebizwa lwemali non-zijikwe, leyo, ngenxa yezizathu ezoqoqosho okanye ezopolitiko, urhulumente uye wavalwa kwaneso engamaphepha belinye ilizwe.

Ngaphakathi lwemali ngokungaphelelanga zijikwe bekela ingeniso ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Phantsi lokuqala zibhekiselela kukukwazi lwamazwe angaphandle ukudlulisela ngokukhululekileyo lwemali aphesheya. Inner kuthetha ilungelo labemi kunye namashishini ukuba bathenge imali angaphandle yeentengiselwano. Ukuqaliswa convertibility likaRhulumente uya kuthatha umthetho efanelekileyo.

ubuhle be JMC

Kokuba kusetyenzwe umbuzo wokuba yintoni lwemali leyo zijikwe ngokukhululekileyo, yiya kumbuzo yintoni iingenelo unika kurhulumente. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingeniso free umiselwa ngamandla kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. ICS ivumela urhulumente ukuba ukudala iimeko kakuhle lokuphucula yohlengahlengiso lweentlawulo, ubungqina inkululeko yezoqoqosho, oko kukhuthaza uphuhliso lokhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuze namashishini ukuphucula ukusebenza yemveliso.

Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imibutho ukufumana mboleko ngohlobo lwemali wamanye amazwe. Kwavusa umsebenzi zangaphandle: ngokunciphisa umngcipheko lwemali liyenyuka kumazwe angaphandle kunye import kwempahla. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukunyuka kwexabiso ongenisa kukhokelela ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke. Ukuqaliswa kwe ICS iquka urhulumente kwicandelo ngamazwe yabasebenzi, ukwandisa ekungeneni kwemali eyinkunzi amazwe, kwakunye lula inkqubo okunye.

Iimeko ekumisweni sokwenza

Ezi ziquka:

• ukuhlangabezana nemfuno unikezelo ngomhla emarikeni;
• Ukufumaneka anenani elifunekayo asethi lulwelo;
• ukudalwa-mali eza kugcinwa;
• phambi BOP okunazo zonke;
• kwesabelo-mali karhulumente, ukuba ikhona, hayi ukuba ngaphezu kwe-5% of GDP;
• ukuqhuba inkqubo amaxabiso elifanelekileyo ngaphandle igqwethwe, kodwa ngenxa yomthetho enexabiso;
• ukuqhuba i-nkqubo efanelekileyo umbane ubengo, umyinge wenzala kunye nezezimali ekujoliswe kuzo;
• ukuqaliswa kwemithetho ukhuphiswano eyiyo ngenjongo iNTSHOLONGWANE-lokubanga koqoqosho.

kwizimali umhlaba

Ngenxa amatyala kunye nefuthe imarike mali amazwe ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela iiyunithi ezisixhenxe emali:

• euro;
• dollar US;
• iidola Canadian, Austria kunye Swiss;
• yen Japanese;
• Swiss uFranc.

Kwezi iimali buyanda inani izivumelwano, badla athengise kwimarike Forex.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale lwemali jikelele:

• eyafakwa eliphezulu;
• solvency;
• uzinzo rate.

Zisetyenziswa ukudala oovimba. amazinga Global currency zinxulunyaniswa. Xa kokuwa amaxabiso omnye wabo kwandisa iindleko enye. Vice versa.

Uninzi amazwe aseYurophu imali zabo zebhanki central, ezilawula umgaqo lawulo wemali. Ngowe-1996 wabumba kwiqembu lemali, apho ngo-2014 sele kubenza amazwe 18. Kule ndawo yeyuro kweliso yi-European Central Bank. Imali esebenza kule ndawo, - Euro. Ukususela ngowe-1999, i-euro isetyenziselwa iintlawulo ikheshi. Ukususela ngo-2002 - xa iintlawulo eziziinkozo. Namhlanje, euro icompetition dollar ngokwemiqathango turnover, kunye izabelo nokudalwa loovimba.

Enye lwemali ihlabathi ethandwa kakhulu - US dollar. Oku yindlela intlawulo kumazwe angaphezu kwama amabini ehlabathini lonke. Le yokugqibela-ngenkulungwane isiqingatha dollar - enye imithombo ekudalweni lwemali reserve. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, wabagxotha imina yaseBritani.

Le yen lisetyenziswa kwiintengiselwano e Asia. Iintlawulo kwi lesizwe iimali Japan ngaphezu dollar okanye euro.

Malunga nama-5% of woovimba bonaniselwano kwasekwa uneemina omhle. UK National lwemali yenye yezona isitali ehlabathini.

I dollar Australian zithandwa kakhulu kwi Sydney Stock Exchange.

I dollar yaseKhanada amaninzi kusetyenziswa izibalo kwi ukutshintshiselana emveliso kunye norhwebo isanti, isinyithi kunye namandla.

currency Russian - zeCRS

Ukuze imali engange waba ingathityazwa ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka sixhaswe elilingana eziphathekayo. Ngethiyori, uqoqosho eRashiya, kuqikelelwa ziingcali ezizimeleyo kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, kungaba ezilingana kwalo. Kodwa practice, kukho ukhetho esengqiqweni ngakumbi - ukubonelela imo le engange. Launch ka anemali zijikwe ukuba lukhuselekile kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, njengoko wenza dollar kuphinda zenzeke. Euro njenge lwemali ihlabathi de lusinika status karhulumente okwethutyana.

Ukuqinisekisa isimo karhulumente zeCRS kuthetha ukuba iRussia imfuno lokuqala kufuneka ibe ukuhlawula izinto eziphathekayo. Oko kukuthi, ubunzima engange ehlabathini kufuneka ingadluli ukhuseleko yezimali zeli lizwe. Ngenxa urhwaphilizo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente ukuqinisekisa kunzima kakhulu.

Noko ke, urhulumente Russian lithathe onke amanyathelo ukwenza imali engange iwonga ICS. Kutsha nje, i-Bank of Russia udize iinjongo zakhe Kwathi ngokupheleleyo kwi engange. Oku "yokucinga" kunye namanye amaziko amatyala, kuquka Sberbank. currency Russian kungekudala zifakwe kuluhlu lwe Continuous Linked Settlement Bank. Usebenzisa izibalo zeCRS. I-Bank of Russia iye yafaka isicelo i-CLS, kodwa impendulo akukho.

isishwankathelo

Yamaphepha ekhutshwe kwelinye ilizwe kodwa zisetyenziswa njengendlela sentlawulo kwamanye amazwe baye babonisa kwinqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso karhulumente. Ngokusesikweni, imali engamaphepha iinkozo kufuneka ixhaswe ubume yelizwe okanye ubutyebi yayo, bananise yayizisela engamaphepha zamanye amazwe. Yilonto ikharensi zijikwe ngokukhululekileyo ehlabathini.