"Ukuya ebantwini '- intshukumo nezazi olululo Russia

"Ukuya ebantwini" - into leyo nanto kulo naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Agrarian iRussia ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa yi revolution yongxowankulu. Ngokuchasene lobuzwilakhe kunye serfdom up abameli ilungileyo yezikhulu. Abalimi bakhululwa kuphuculo ka-1861, nto leyo wazala nesiqingatha abantliziyo imvelo, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki kwabo. evulekileyo Revolutionary wathabatha ikhuni, ukuba sikholwe ithuba ekuphumezeni socialism ngokusebenzisa kwimvukelo yamahlwempu. Eli nqaku uzinikele intshukumo abaziingqondi inkqubela ukufundisa ze olululo phakathi kwabantu.

prehistory

Abantu abatsha abakumgangatho ophakathi wabaleka ukuya kwimfundo, kodwa ukuwa 1861 yabalasela ukwanda kweefizi zezifundo. Avalwa umlomo yaye uncedo mutual ukunceda abafundi abahluphekayo. Zaqalwa kwaduma ngamandla bacinezelwa ngabasemagunyeni. Amatshantliziyo nje kuphela ngaphandle eyunivesithi, kodwa uzidedisile ebomini, ngenxa yokuba abazange bathathe kwinkonzo karhulumente. A. I. Gertsen ngokuba amaxhoba "abathinjwa yenzululwazi." In "Yentsimbi" iphephancwadi epapashwe phesheya, wabuza kubo ukuba baye 'abantu. "

Ngoko izenzekele waqala 'ukuya ebantwini. " Le intshukumo ikhule ibe mass 70s ekuqaleni ', ukufumana umlinganiselo othile ngehlobo lowe-1874. Ubizo uxhaswe Njengomhlaziyi revolution P. L. Lavrovym. Yakhe "Iileta Historical" wacebisa imfuneko 'ukuhlawula ityala abantu. "

inspirers eceleni

Xa ixesha baseka ingcamango nephupha yethuba kwe revolution yamahlwempu eRashiya, uloyiso leyo eya kukhokelela kwiSocialism. Abalandeli bakhe ebizwa populists, ngokuba babencokola malunga nophuhliso ekhethekileyo kweli lizwe, idealizing le Thethani umlimi. Izizathu 'ukuya abantu "bubuxoki elukholweni ngokungagungqiyo abaqhelekileyo kwi ukuchaneka lo mbono. Kwiimbono mbuso bahlule imisinga ezintathu (scheme iboniswa kancinci ngasentla).

Anarchist M. A. Bakunin wayekholelwa ukuba abantu bakulungele isidubedube yaye isibheno ngokwaneleyo abalimi wathabatha pitchforks zabo. P. L. Lavrov ecetywayo "ukucinga" zizifundiswa kuqala ukunceda abantu (nabalimi) ukufezekisa umsebenzi wabo, kuphela ukwenza imbali kunye. P. N. Tkachov kuphela ngelithi ukuba revolution kufuneka lwenziwe nabavukeli abaqeqeshiweyo abantu, kodwa ngaphandle inxaxheba yakhe.

"Ukuya ebantwini" populists yaqala phantsi kobunkokheli ezizinzululwazi Bakunin kunye Lavrov, xa imibutho yokuqala zadalwa - Moscow St Petersburg neekomityi N. V. Chaykovskogo and "eKiev Thethani".

Iinjongo eziphambili

Amawaka ze baya kwilali esemagqagaleni ngesebe ngabarhwebi kunye neengcibi, amagcisa enxibe. Ayekholelwa ukuba izinxibo zawo aya kubangela intembeko amafama. Ngazo babephatha iincwadi kunye isibheno zokwazisa. Ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe zagutyungelwa yi na intshukumo, esebenzayo ingakumbi - Saratov, Kiev kunye Upper iVolga. injongo emnye "aya ebantwini 'zibandakanya ezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

• Ukufunda Sasungulwa neyethu.
• Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo iingcinga yobusoshiyali.
• nokucwangciswa kuvukela.

Isigaba sokuqala (de embindini ka 1874) obizwa ngokuba "ze eziphaphazelayo", njengoko njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, sithembele imilenze zabo, basuka omnye yokuhlala ukuya kwenye, ngaphandle khefu ixesha elide. Kwi-2 nd isiqingatha 70, isigaba sesibini - ". Ubuxoki omdala" Populists kuhlala ezilalini, ukukhonza oogqirha, ootitshala, okanye neengcibi, ngokukodwa ekufundeni izakhono eziyimfuneko.

iziphumo

Endaweni yokuxhasa abalweli ngokungahoywa. Nkqu iVolga Lower, apho kufuneka ukuba usaphila kwizithethe Emelyan Pugachev kunye Stepan Razin. Amafama ukulungele ukuphulaphula intetho malunga imfuneko ulwahlulo la amafa ziwela nokupheliswa irhafu, kodwa kamsinya nje Kwathi ekubizeni ngenxa yemvukelo, inzala lwehla. Ukuzama kuphela yokwenene kwi ukuvukela "iyelenqe Chigirinsky" ngo-1877, i-gadalala of lobuzwilakhe. Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu bendawo ngokwabo badlula ze gendarmerie. Kwiminyaka emithandathu ukuya 2564 yombuzo lwenziwa umntu.

Ekupeyinteni iikulya Repin ngo-1880 yathinjwa mzuzu ukubanjwa kwe ze endlini umlimi ngayo. Uphawu iphambili kunjalo le ncwadi. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni na isiphumo 'ukuya ebantwini. " Oku kwakhokelela zocindezelo omkhulu. Eyona esebenzayo ababegwetyelwe eSt Petersburg ngowe-1878. INkundla wehla waya imbali "Inkqubo omnye anamanci asithoba-amathathu", apho abantu malunga nekhulu bagwetyelwa elubhacweni kunye asetyenziswe nzima.

Ukubaluleka zembali

Kutheni intshukumo zolutsha revolution yaphela ukuwa? Esinye sezizathu eziphambili ukuze kuchazwe:

• Ukungafumaneki abalimi ukuba inguqu yotshintsho olululo.
• Ukunqongophala konxibelelwano kunye nolawulo jikelele.
• Le ferocity bamapolisa.
• Ukunqongophala iyelenqe abameli izakhono.

Ukuba yintoni isiphelo kubangele an lilishwa "ngokuya ebantwini '? Inokubuyiselwa eziqondwa ziganeko zilandelayo zembali. Kwakukho ngokuphambuka olukhulu Bakuninism kunye ukukhangela iindlela ezintsha omzabalazo kwezopolitiko. Kwakukho imfuneko yokuba umbutho elimanyeneyo kulo lonke imiqathango ukufihla ingqongqo. Kuya kwenziwa ngo-1876 yaye iminyaka emi-2 emva koko uya kuhla kwimbali njenge "Land and Freedom".