Inzululwazi yezeNdalo - kukuba ... Physical Geography. Chemistry, Physics

Science - yenye yeenkalo ezininzi ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi yomntu langoku inqanaba lophuhliso yempucuko yehlabathi. Namhlanje, kukho amakhulu lwamacandelo ezahlukeneyo: zobugcisa, kwezentlalo, koluntu kunye nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Bafunda ntoni? Indlela ukuphuhlisa imbali zendalo nomba zembali?

Inzululwazi yezeNdalo - lo ...

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Inzululwazi yezeNdalo - eyagcina lifunda ze zemvelo ngezimanga angabonakaliyo lwangaphandle kwesi sifundo sophando (umntu). Igama elithi "inzululwazi" ngolwimi Russian livela igama elithi "indalo", oko kukuthi, nelithi igama elithi "indalo".

Isiseko iinzululwazi zendalo ingqalelo nezibalo bulumko. Kwezi, ngokubanzi, bonke iinzululwazi zendalo mihla. Ekuqaleni, zemvelo bazama ukuphendula yonke imibuzo malunga nohlobo zonke obubonakala. Emva koko, njengoko ukuntsonkotha kwizifundo zophando, inzululwazi ekuqaleni ukuba ukungena kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ekugqibeleni Stavan ecacileyo kakhulu phezulu.

Kwimeko mihla nenzululwazi yendalo - imiceli lwamacandelo yendalo zenzululwazi, ubanjisiwe ulwalamano kwabo.

Imbali zenzululwazi zendalo

Uphuhliso ngesayensi yemvelo ngcembe. Noko ke, umdla oluntu nesenzeko indalo wazibonakalisa ngamakhoboka.

intanda-Natural (enyanisweni, inzululwazi) iye ayenziwa eGrisi yamandulo. abacinga yamandulo, usebenzisa iindlela zamandulo wophando kunye, maxa wambi, intuition, nako ukwenza iqela izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu nokucingela ebalulekileyo. Nokuba ke, zobulumko zendalo baqiniseka ukuba ngumhlaba ojikeleza ilanga, eyayinokucacisa elo kwelanga zesola yenyanga, ngokuchanileyo umlinganiselo parameters iplanethi yethu.

KumaXesha Aphakathi uphuhliso nenzululwazi yendalo zehlile kakhulu kwaye lixhomekeke kwi ibandla. izazinzulu ezininzi ngelo xesha batshutshiswa ngenxa ekuthiwa nezinye iinkolo. Zonke izifundo zenzululwazi kunye nophando, enyanisweni, wehla waya ekutolikweni ukugwetyelwa izibhalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha kuMbindi Ages logic eninzi kunye nethiyori kuphuhliswa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngeli xesha embindini bulumko zendalo (ukufunda ngqo ngezenzeko zendalo) ngokobume yasiwa esiya kummandla Arabhu-Muslim.

EYurophu, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo nenzululwazi yendalo iqala (liyaqala) kuphela XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane. Eli lixesha omkhulu ukuqokelela ulwazi ezinobunyaniso data enokwehla (iziphumo "yasendle 'bokubona kunye experiment). isayensi ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwakhona ngokusekelwe kuphando lwabo kwiziphumo amaphulo amaninzi ngokwezelizwe, ukuqubha, ukufunda mazwe matsha yafunyanwa. Ngenkulungwane XIX, kwakhona uza-logic ngaphambi kunye nokucinga theoretical component. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu ziye ngenkuthalo sisebenze zonke izibakala eziqokelelweyo, phambili iingcamango ezahlukeneyo bebeka imithetho.

Le zemvelo kakhulu elikhulu kwimbali yenzululwazi kufuneka iquke inabe, Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, Klavdiya Ptolemeya, Archimedes, Isaaka Nyutona, uGalileo Galilei, Rene Dekarta, uBlaise UPascal, Nicola Tesla, uMikhail Lomonosov kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezininzi odumileyo.

Ingxaki yokuhlelwa zesayensi yemvelo

Ukuba inzululwazi esisiseko zemvelo: Mathematics (nto leyo kwakhona elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba 'ukumkanikazi Sciences "), imichiza, physics, ibhayoloji. Ingxaki Ulwahlulo zenzululwazi zendalo, kukho bezisoloko ndikhathazeke ezingqondweni izazinzulu kweshumi ngaphezu kwesinye kunye bempilo.

Kungcono kakhulu ukumelana nale ngxaki Friedrich Engels - sobulumko German-nzulu, ngubani eyaziwa ngokuba ngumhlobo osenyongweni Karla Marksa bakhe intsebenziswano umbhali yomsebenzi odumileyo othi "Capital". Wakwazi ukuchonga imigaqo ezimbini eziphambili (indlela) kwi typology lwamacandelo zenzululwazi: indlela injongo, kwakunye siseko yophuhliso.

Eyona enenkcukacha Ulwahlulo wenzululwazi okunikelwa methodologist kwiSoviet Bonifatii oyiKidron. Kuye sokulahla ukufaneleka kwayo namhlanje.

Uluhlu of Sciences Natural

Kwisakhiwo yonke lwamacandelo zenzululwazi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

• IziFundo zoLuntu (okanye zentlalo);
• engineering;
• zendalo.

Ukuphonononga uhlobo elidlulileyo. Uluhlu olupheleleyo iinzululwazi zendalo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi:

• isayensi;
• geography ngokomzimba;
• eziphilayo;
• imithi;
• yokwakheka komhlaba;
• isayensi umhlaba;
• physics;
• isayensi yemvelo;
• chemistry;
• Botany;
• ngokuphila;
• kwengqondo.

Ke ukuba imathematika, izazinzulu akukho kuvumelana apho iqela lwamacandelo zenzululwazi ukuba oko ngayo. Abanye bakugqala nenzululwazi yendalo, abanye - echanekileyo. Abanye ndlela isebenza imathematika kwiklasi ye ekuthiwa sciences olusesikweni (okanye abstract).

chemistry

Chemistry - yinto intsimi enkulu lenzululwazi zendalo, injongo engundoqo isifundo iziyobisi, iimpawu zayo kunye nesakhiwo. Le inzululwazi ingqalelo izinto zendalo umzimba kwinqanaba atom ezinto. Kwakhona uhlola lib, iikhemikhali kunye nezenzo evela impefumlelwano izinto ezahlukeneyo yamasuntswana noshowo.

Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala ingcamango ukuba onke amabhunga zendalo zenziwe ezincinci (ayibonakali ukuba abantu) elements, nizihlabe-sobulumko Greek Democritus. Kuthathwa ukuba into nganye iquka amasuntswana abangcono, kanye njengokuba amazwi luqulathe iileta ezahlukeneyo.

chemistry Modern - isayensi enzima, nto leyo ibandakanya iinkalo kweshumi eziliqela. Le chemistry, ezinto geochemistry, nokuba chemistry isithuba ezingaphiliyo organic.

physics

Physics - enye zenzululwazi ezindala emhlabeni. Vula imithetho yayo asisiseko, isiseko yonke inkqubo kumacandelo nenzululwazi yendalo.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "physics" uye wasebenzisa Aristotle. Ngaloo mihla bulumko twatse. Nokwakheka isayensi oluzimeleyo ziqala ukuba kuphela kwinkulungwane XVI.

Namhlanje, phantsi nokwakheka ayiqonde inzululwazi ukuba izifundo umcimbi, isakhiwo sayo kunye nentshukumo, kwakunye nemithetho jikelele yendalo. Kubume bayo ichonge amacandelo eziphambili. Oku ubucukubhede classical, nokushisa, physics quantum, kwezinto, kunye nabanye.

physiography

Umahluko phakathi zenzululwazi zendalo kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo kwakuthabatha ulutya ngqindilili "umzimba" ukuma kanye emanyeneyo, ebabela ingqeqesho yayo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, lo geography emzimbeni (ngokwahlukileyo kwi kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo) waye esifubeni nenzululwazi yezobugqi.

Le inzululwazi esifunda kweqokobhe Umhlaba ngokwezelizwe njengoko iyonke, ngokunjalo amanye amacandelo kunye neenkqubo zendalo zifakiwe kumafa yayo. geography emzimbeni Modern iquka kuthotho ophando. Phakathi kwabo:

• izifundo landscape;
• zokwakheka komhlaba;
• climatology;
• zamanzi;
• eliJongene;
• inzululwazi komhlaba, kunye nabanye.

Science and ezoluntu: ubunye neyantlukwano

Abantu, iinzululwazi zendalo - ngokungathi bakude ngaphandle, njengoko oko kusenokubonakala ngathi?

Kakade ke, ezi nkalo yahlukile kwisifundo yophando. I yezobugqi ukufunda indalo, zobuntu - wanikela ingqalelo yabo umntu kunye noluntu. Abantu ayikwazi ukukhuphisana nemvelo kanye, ukuba nako ukubonisa ngokwezibalo kwithiyori yabo uqinisekise i hypothesis.

Kwelinye icala, ezi zifundo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, edibene namanye. Ingakumbi kwimeko kwenkulungwane xxi. Ngenxa yoko, izibalo kuye elide iingcambu kwiincwadi kunye nomculo, inzululwazi kunye chemistry - kwimizobo, ngezengqondo - kwiJografi kwezentlalo economics njalo njalo. Ukongeza, ukuba sele kudala kuye kwacaca ukuba izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zenziwa kanye apho kudibana lwamacandelo eziliqela yenzululwazi leyo, ekuqaleni, azinalo nto eqhelekileyo.

Ekuphetheni ...

Inzululwazi yezeNdalo - isebe of isayensi lifunda ze ngendalo, iinkqubo kunye nezimo. Ezi nkalo kukho abaninzi; ke chemistry yemvelo, izibalo, ibhayoloji, ngokwemimandla nangeendlela ngeenkwenkwezi.

iinzululwazi zendalo, nangona umahluko ezininzi kwisifundo kunye nendlela uphando, nto leyo inxulumene ne ezentlalo kunye noluntu. Ingakumbi strong le budlelwane wabonakaliswa kwinkulungwane xxi, xa zonke ezo inzululwazi idibane iyahlangana.