Yintoni kwecala lokuqala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho?

Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwilingo lolwaphulo-mthetho kuyisigaba senkqubo enokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho iimeko ezithile. Zifakwe kwi-Art. 229, inxalenye yesi-2 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Makhe siwaqwalasele ngokucacileyo kwinqaku.

Izizathu zokuqhuba ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwiinkqubo zobugebengu

Kwiimeko, phambi kobucwangciso obuye baqwalaselwa yenkqubo, ba ndakanya:

1. Imbuyiselo yesicelo esisuka kwelinye lamacandelo ukuba lingabandakanyi ubungqina.
2. Ukufunyanwa kweemeko phantsi kwezixhobo ezingabuyiselwa kumtshutshisi.
3. Ukufunyanwa kweenyaniso, phambi kokuba ukupheliswa okanye ukumiswa kweenkqubo kungenokwenzeka.
4. Ukufumana iifom yesicelo kummangalelwa kwintlanganiso kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwejaji.

Isicelo esisebenzela njengesiseko senkundla yangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho singeniswa emva kokuba ummangalelwa aziqhelise ngezinto okanye emva kweentsuku ezintathu emva kokuthunyelwa enkundleni ngumtshutshisi kwaye anikezelwe kwisigwebo-siphetho (isigqibo).

Imigaqo yeNkqubo yeNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho

Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuqala xa kukho isigqibo esifanelekileyo sejaji. Imigaqo-jikelele yemveliso isekelwe kwimimiselo ye-Code Procedure Code, e lawula iilingo ngokupheleleyo. Bachazwa ch. 35 no-36 weKhowudi. Inkqubo yokuqhuba ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwenkqubo yokulwa nobugebengu iphinde ilawulwe ngamalungiselelo athile. Bakho kwizobugcisa. 234 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Esi siqhelo sinquma ukuba:

1. Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yobugebengu kubanjwe kwiseshoni yangasese ngumgwebi omnye. Kule meko, amaqela akhona ekuqwalaselweni kwezixhobo.
2. Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuya kwenzeka nokuba kungekho mtyholwa. Kule meko, kufuneka athumele isikhalazo esifanelekileyo.
3. Isaziso sokubizelwa kwamalungu kwiintlanganiso siya kuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweentsuku ezintathu ngaphambi komhla okuza kwenzeka ngayo.
4. Ukungaphumeleli kwabantu abachazwe ngokufanelekileyo malunga nenkqubo ayikwazi ukuba ngumqobo wokubamba.
5. Ukuba isigaba esinikeziwe sisigxina ngesicelo somnye weqela ukuba angabandakanyi ubungqina, kwaye kuya kuthi ukuba inxaxheba yesibini iyavumelana naye, ijaji inelisekile. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yezobugebengu akutyunjwanga.

Imigaqo eyongezelelweyo

Kwindlela yokulungiselela okanye ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili, ukukhusela kungathumela isikhalazo sokubandakanyeka kobungqina ukuqinisekisa ubungqina bommangalelwa. Le nkcazo kufuneka inikwe inkundla nayiphi na imeko. Ukongezelela, ukhuseleko lungenisa isikhalazo sokubhengezwa kwezinto ezongezelelweyo okanye ubungqina. Ukuba inkundla ifumanisa ukuba ibalulekile ekuqhutyweni kwesikhalazo, isikhalazo kufuneka sinikezwe. AmaNgqina anakho nawaphi na amaziko awaziyo malunga neemeko zokuphunyezwa kwezenzo zophando, ukurhoxiswa okanye ukunamathiswa kwamaphepha kwizinto ezibhekiselwe kwiintlanganiso.

Umzuzu obalulekileyo

Kubalulekile ukubonisa inani elithile elihamba kunye necala lokuqala kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxelo kufuneka iqule yonke imicimbi eyenzekayo kwintlanganiso. Isiphumo senkqubo siboniswa kwisigqibo. Kule meko, isigwebo senkundla, ngokomthetho, asinakubhenela. Kunokwenzeka ukuba inselele isigqibo sokuphelisa ityala okanye ukukhetha umlinganiselo wokukhusela. Ukongezelela, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yabona ukuvunyelwa kwesibheno xa umveliso unqunyanyisiwe okanye ulawulo luya kutshintshwa.

Isibongozo sokungabikho kobungqina

Inkqubo ekhankanywe ngasentla yokuqhuba ukuvalelwa kokuqala kwilingo lolwaphulo-mthetho lichazwe, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Xa isicelo senziwe ukuba singabandakanyi ubungqina, inkundla kufuneka inqume ukuba ingawususa nayiphi na ingcaciso kwiluhlu oluza kuqwalaselwa kwintlanganiso. Le nkcazo evela kwiqela kufuneka ithunyelwe ngokubhaliweyo. Ngelo xesha, ifom esekelwe kwi-Art. 235, inxalenye yesi-2 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Kwiphephelo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ubungqina bokuba iqela likholelwa ukuba kufuneka lisuswe. Ukongeza, umenzi wesicelo kufuneka anike izizathu zokuthi ithathwe isigqibo kunye neemeko ezixhasayo. Ijaji, kwakhona, kufuneka iqinisekise isibongozo. Kwinkqubo, unelungelo lokuphanda amaphepha , udibanise uxwebhu oluchazwe kwisicelo kwimeko, funda iziqulatho zezenzo kunye namanye amaxwebhu. Ukuba isikhalazo sasifunwa ngenxa yokuba ubungqina bwamkelwa ngokuphula umthetho we-CPC, umtshutshisi kufuneka aphikise ezi ngxabano. Kwezinye iimeko, iqela lezokukhusela kufuneka liqinisekise ubungqina bezizathu.

Iziphumo zokwaneliseka kwesicelo

Ukuqwalaselwa kwetatimenti kuthetha ukuba ubungqina obuthile bulahlekelwa ngumthetho kwaye alukwazi ukuqwalaselwa xa ugqitha isigwebo okanye esinye isigqibo. Ukongeza, ayinakusetyenziswa kwaye uphando kwiinkqubo. Ukuba ukuphulaphulwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yezobugebengu kubonisa ukuba kuthatha inxaxheba kumajuri, amaqela okanye amanye amaqela achaphazelekayo ekubhalisweni kwezixhobo akanalo ilungelo lokuxelela abahlohli malunga nobukho bungqina obufakwe yinkantolo kwiluhlu. Kwakungavumelekile ukuba kutyhile iimeko ezichasayo esi sigqibo. Isigqibo senkundla malunga nokuqeshwa kweentlanganiso esekelwe kwiziphumo zentlanganiso yokuqala kufuneka zibonise bobabini ubungqina obungabandakanyiyo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, ngokubhekiselele kulowo apheliswe kuyo kwinkqubo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kuvunyelwe ngexesha lokuhlaziywa okulandelayo ukufaka ifowuni yesicelo sokumkelwa njengemvume.

Iimeko zokubuyisela izinto kumtshutshisi

Ukuba zikhoyo, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho kutyunjwe. Oku kuvunyelwe kwinqanaba lejaji okanye ngesicelo seqela. Njengeemeko ngokubhekiselele kuzo iimpahla kufuneka zibuyiselwe kumtshutshisi, ukuphulwa kweemfuno ze-CPC xa kuqulunqwa i-nyathelo-mvume (isigqibo), xa kungabandakanyi ithuba lokudlulisa isigwebo okanye esinye isigqibo senkundla.

Ukungaqiniseki kweCCP

I-Code ayiniki inkcazo ecacileyo yokwephulwa okungavunyelwa ekulungiseleleni ingxelo okanye isenzo sotshutshiso. Akunakunikwa kwi-CPC kunye neendlela oza kugweba ngazo, kukho inkundla yokuba inkundla ithathe isigqibo, okanye ayikho. Kule nxu lumano, ukuphikisana ngokusemthethweni kwezigqibo malunga nokubuyiswa / ukungabuyiselwa kwempahla kubatshutshisi bahlala besenza njalo. Iinkcazo ngexesha elifanelekileyo linike iKS kunye neVS. Iyokuqala, ngokukodwa kwiSigqibo sika-8.12.2003, yaqaphela ukuba imiqathango yoBugcisa. 237, inxalenye yesi-1 yeNkqubo yeNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho ayikhupheli amandla enkundla ngokwabo okanye ngokuhambelana nesicelo seqela ukubuyisela izinto kumtshutshisi ukuba kwimeko yeenkqubo zangaphambi kwetyala kukho ukuphulwa okukhulu komthetho ongenakunqandwa kwiinkqubo, ukuba le sinqumo ayihambelani nokugqitywa kokuqala Umphumo okanye uphando. Iinkcazelo ezithe zacaciswa ngakumbi yiPlenum yeeMpi zoMkhosi kwiNqununu ka-5.03.2004. Ikakhulu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise ukuba ukuphulwa komthetho we-intetho (ukupheliswa) kufuneka kubonwe ngokungathobeli imimiselo yoBugcisa. 220, 225 ye-Code of Procedure Procedure ngaphandle kwendlela yokwenza isigqibo malunga nokufaneleka ngokuhambelana nexwebhu. Okukugqibela, ngokukodwa, kwenzeka xa:

1. Ukungabikho kwimiqulu yemigaqo malunga nokukholelwa kwangaphambili kwesi sifundo, idatha kwiindawo ezikuyo, ulwazi malunga nexhoba (xa kusekwa), njl njl.
2. Ukungahambelani kwerhafu, esichazwe kwisiphelo / isenzo, kubakho kwisigqibo malunga nokubandakanyeka komntu njengommangalelwa.
3. Ukungabikho komqondiso womphenyi / umphandi, isitampu sokwamkelwa komtshutshisi.

Ngenxa yokukhankanywe kwangaphambili, kunokugqitywa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwilingo lolwaphulo-mthetho kutyunjelwa phambi kokuphula umthetho kwisibhali-sikhalazo / kwisiphetho esibhaliweyo ukuba:

1. Ziyimfuneko.
2. Ukuthintela isigqibo senkundla.
3. Ukupheliswa kwemiphumo yabo akuxhomekeke ekugqityeni ukupheleliswa kophando okanye uphando.
4. Ikopi yesatifiketi / ingxelo ayinikezelwa kummangalelwa.
5. Ukupheliswa kwemiphumo ayifuni ixesha leendleko ezingaphezu kweentsuku ezi-5.

Injongo yokubuyisela izinto kumtshutshisi kwimeko yokuba ikopi yesenzo ayinikezelwa kumtyholwa uyaqondakala. Igosa linyanzelekile ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zophando ezenza njengenye yeendlela eziphambili zenkqubo ekubhekiswe kuyo ilungelo lokukhuselwa kwesihloko. Nangona kunjalo, inkundla ngokwayo ayikwazi ukulungisa lo mthetho. Oku kubangelwa kubukho bemigqaliselo jikelele ukuba igunya lingenalo ilungelo lokwenza nayiphi na into eyenza ukungabaza ngokubandakanyeka kwayo ekutshutshisweni.

Ezinye iimeko zokubuyisela izinto kumtshutshisi

Ukuba kukho isidingo sokwakha isikhalazo / isigqibo kwisigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo enyango enyanzelekileyo, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kukwacetywa kwilingo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Le meko ibonakaliswe xa umbuzo wokubeka umtyholwa phantsi kolawulo lwezonyango luphakanyisiwe. Emva kokufunda izinto, inkundla inokungavumelani nesigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okunyanzelisa unyango. Kule nkalo, unokukwazi ukuba imveliso kufuneka yenziwe ngokwemiqathango jikelele-ngokuphunyezwa kophando ngokupheleleyo kwaye uvelise isingxoli-siphumo / izigqibo kwiziphumo zayo. Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuqeshwa kwakhona:

1. Ukuchonga iimeko ezivumela ukudibanisa imveliso ibe enye.
2. Ukungabi nokucaciswa kwamalungelo anikwe umtyholwa phantsi koBugcisa. 217, inxalenye yesi-5 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho, xa uqhelana nezinto eziphathekayo.
3. Isidingo sokwenza amanyathelo okuphanda malunga nokufihla okuvela enkundleni.

Imimiselo yomthetho

Xa ubuyisela izinto, umtshutshisi kufuneka acinge ngamanani amalungiselelo. Kumele zigcinwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iimeko ezibangele umtshutshisi ukuba abuyisele le nkundla. Umthetho udinga oku kulandelayo:

1. Umbuzo wokukhetha umlinganiselo wesithintelo kummangalelwa, owakhe izinto ezibuyiselwa kulwaphulo-mthetho, zigqitywa yijaji.
2. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo ukulungiswa kwephulo-mthetho ezenziwe ngokulungiswa kwesicatshulwa / isiphetho, ukuba kuthatha iintsuku ezingaphezulu kwe-5, i-priori ayithathwa ingavumelekanga.

Ukumiswa okanye ukupheliswa kwemveliso

Inkqubo yokuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kulolu hlobo ityunjwe phambi kweemeko ezinjengezo ezisetyenziswe ngabaphandi / abaphandi kulo uphando. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kuluhlu lweemeko ezingakhokela ijaji, ukumisela intetho yangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, akukho mqathango ochazwe kumsebenzi. 208 kwiphepha 1 kwi-1 yeNkqubo yeNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho - "ukuhluleka ukufumana umxholo oza kufakwa njengommangalelwa". Oku kulungelelaniswa ngokupheleleyo, kuba izinto ezifunyanwa yintyala ongenanto ayikwazi ukuziswa kumzekelo. Ngelo xesha, uluhlu lwezizathu luyongezwa yimeko apho inkundla inokumisa khona inkqubo ukuba isicelo sithunyelwe kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo-siseko womthetho ozakusetyenziswa xa kuhlaziywa izinto. Enye imeko yamukelwa isikhalazo kunoma yiphina inxaxheba kwiinkqubo. Kuyo, inxaxheba kule nkqubo kufuneka ibonise ukuphulwa kwamalungelo akhe omgaqo-siseko ngokufaka isicelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwimiqathango engekho ngokungqinelana noMthetho Oyisiseko waseRussia Federation.

Iinkcazo zeeRF eziPhakamileyo

Kwisigqibo sika-31.10.1995 i-Plenum ibonise ukuba, okokuqala, isicelo senkundla kufuneka senziwe ngokubhaliweyo. Okwesibini, loxwebhu kufuneka lubandakanye igama elichanekileyo, umhla wokumkelwa, inombolo, umthombo wokupapashwa kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga nesenzo somthetho phantsi kokuqinisekisa. Ukongezelela, inkundla kwisicelo sayo ibonisa izizathu apho kugqitywe isigqibo sokuthumela isicelo. Kulo Myalelo, iBhunga eliPhakamileyo liphakanyisile iinkundla ukuba zitshintshe ngokufanayo umlinganiselo wesithintelo kummangalelwa, ukuba wayeselo xesha egcinwe. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba ukuqwalaselwa kwezicelo kwi-CC kuthatha ixesha elide.

Izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo

Xa izigqibo zisiwe, ijaji inelungelo lokukhupha isisombululo ekubuyiselweni kwempahla kumtshutshisi. Kule meko, kukho izicombululo ezi-2:

1. Ngethuba lokusinda kommangali, ogcinwe esitokisini, isigqibo sikhutshwe apho umtshutshisi uyalelwe ukuba aqinisekise ukukhangela umntu.
2. Ukuba isifundo esasiye salala siphelile, isigqibo sithathwa kwinqanaba lejaji lokukhangela, ukuvalela nokumfaka etilongweni.

Ngaphandle

Kwintetho yokuqala, inkundla ayikwazi ukugqiba isigqibo malunga nokupheliswa kwetyala, ukuba iimeko zibonakalisiwe zibonisa ukuba kukho izizathu zokuvuselela ukuvala imveliso okanye ukuzalisa ukutshutshiswa. Kule meko, imveliso yenziwa ngokwemiqathango jikelele. Emva kokuqinisekiswa kweemeko zokuvuselela, inkundla ichaza ukuhlawulelwa. Kwixesha lokuvalelwa kwangaphambili, kunokongezwa isiseko esongezelelweyo, esikufunayo ukuba uthathe isigqibo sokuphelisa inkqubo. Batsholwa ngumtshutshisi wenkokhelo. Kule meko, imigaqo ebekwe bucala. 246 inxalenye yesi-7 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kweJury

Ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho phambi kwesikhalazo sokubandakanyeka kwabahlohli kusekelwe kwimigaqo jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqwalaseleni iinkcukacha ezithile zaloo mveliso, umthetho ubeka inani lokugcina:

1. Ulwaphulo-mthetho, apho iindidi ezininzi zithwele uxanduva, ziqwalaselwa ngabo bonke, ukuba ubuncinane omnye wabo ufumene isikhalazo sokuzisa i-jury.
2. Ukuba isicelo esifanelekanga asizange sithunyelwe okanye asizange siqinisekiswe ngexesha leentlanganiso, iinkqubo ziqhutyelwa ngumbutho ohlukileyo wenkundla. Inqunywe yimithetho yobuGcisa. 30 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho.
3. Kwisisombululo, esinikela ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwimeko yokulwa necala, ngaphezu kokusombulula ezinye iimeko, inani labaviwa abahloliweyo ukuba libizwe, elimele libe li-20, lizimisele.

Isigqibo sokumisela ityala lejaji sithathwa njengeyokugqibela. Emva koko, ukuchasa kommangalelwa ukuqwalasela imeko kwimeko enjalo akuyi kwamkeleka. Ngesicelo samaqela, banikwa ikopi yomyalelo.

Ukuchaneka kwenkqubo

Ukubaluleka okupheleleyo kweziko leengxoxo zokuqala, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuba xa kutyhilwa izizathu ezimbini zokuba kuqeshwe, kukho intlanganiso enye. Ngokweziphumo zalo, kwenziwa izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ityala elokuba iindibano zokuqala zokubanjwa ziqhutywe phambi kweshoni yesigqeba, ekwaxubusha ukungabikho kobungqina okanye ukongezwa kwoluhlu lwabo. Izigqibo ezenziwe ngokuqhelekileyo zichanekileyo kwisigqibo esisodwa.

Isiphelo

I CPC, ngelishwa, oko ukucacisa imbono weengxoxo lokuqala, inkqubo yolwaphulo-ngokwalo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba izigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, ecacisa iimeko abaphandi wabandakanyeka okanye nabaphandi. Emva koku, izinto kufika nomtshutshisi. Uzisa kukumangala / isiphelo, ukuze adlulisele ityala enkundleni. Iingxoxo phambi kokuba inkundla yenziwe ngokungqinelana nemithetho jikelele. Noko ke, kule meko kuxoxwe ngasentla, kwecala lokuqala umiswa. Ngokubanzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukususa imiqobo ukuba kwiingxoxo ngokungqinelana imithetho jikelele. Ukuba ummangalelwa unalo icebo ukuziphendulela, ezindlebeni lokuqala kwityala lolwaphulo singàphunyezwa ngaphandle igqwetha. Ngaphezu koko, kwiimeko ezininzi, ubukho bakhe ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuyimfuneko. Igqwetha liya kuba nako, umzekelo, ngokuchanekileyo, ezisekelwe phezu komthetho, ku hlamusela iintshukumisa nokungasetyenziswa kobungqina kwimeko. Ekuqeshweni abagwebi ntlanganiso kufuneka athathe ingqalelo imithetho kuphela ye-CCP, kodwa ke ingcaciso iiNkundla siseko kunye Ephakamileyo. Ezi Izindululo icaciswe imithetho zomthetho, wachaza iimpawu zezicelo zabo. Nge ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka kucelwe ukuba kulungiswe umba wayezizuzisa intlanganiso labagwebi. Ummangalelwa ngokufaka isicelo, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa iimfuno mthetho zithi azikhabe elandelayo kwetyala ngale ndlela akuyi kwamkelwa. Kufuneka kwakhona ngocoselelo uhlole ukubambana, zinikwe umtshutshisi.