Yintoni ithamo wendele lwemitha?

Eli nqaku Eyokuba umxholo idosi radiation wendele (kwaye-mo), ionizing kwimitha kunye neentlobo zabo. Iqulethe ulwazi malunga iyantlukwano, uhlobo, umthombo, indlela yokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, iyunithi lomlinganiselo dose radiation endele nangaphezulu.

Ingcamango yedosi wendele lwemitha

ithamo radiation - ixabiso, esiza kusetyenziswa Sciences ezifana zemvelo radiobiology, ukuze kuhlolwe ifuthe ionizing radiation kuhlobo yethishyu izinto eziphilayo, iinkqubo zazo pathways, ngokunjalo kweziyobisi. Into ebizwa pamo wendele of imitha, yintoni na ixabiso layo, uhlobo kunye nefuthe iindidi ezahlukeneyo? Ikakhulu kubhaliwe thaca kwi ifomu yentsebenziswano phakathi eliphakathi kunye imitha ionizing, yaye kuthiwa isiphumo ionization.

umthamo wendele of radiation na iindlela zayo kunye neeyunithi, kunye nokuphelela kunye ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo phantsi radiation generate iyantlukwano ngeendlela ithathe ithamo.

Ionizing ifomu radiation

Ionizing radiation - loqukuqelo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amasuntswana sabaqalayo, photon okanye amaqhekeza eyenziwe ngenxa ngokucandeka yenyukliya kwaye oko kunamandla okubanga ionization ukwimo. Eyingozi radiation, kwakunye nefom obubonakalayo ukukhanya kule hlobo radiation awusebenzi, njengoko musa ziquka infrared ezintweni uhlobo kunye nonomathotholo bands, ngenxa yokuba imali yabo amancinci amandla akwanelanga ukuba ukwakha ionization atom ezinto sikarhulumente engundoqo.

uhlobo Ionizing of radiation, ubume balo kunye nemithombo

Ithamo wendele lwemitha ionizing lungabaleka kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo SI, kwaye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kwimitha. Iintlobo ibaluleke radiation: gamma, amasuntswana beta kunye elektroni, positrons, neutron, ionic (kubandakanywa amasuntswana alpha), X-ray, amaza omfutshane (ziluhlaza phezulu) kunye Muon.

Nature ionizing imithombo eyingozi ngayo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, umzekelo, kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo radionuclide ukubola uphawu isithuba indlela yenyukliya semitha atom ngumntu uhlobo reactor zenyukliya, namafutha bamasuntswana nezakhiwo, kwaye nkqu isixhobo elungiselelwe X-ray.

Njani na engenisa radiation ionizing

Kuxhomekeka indlela apho i-arhente sebenzisana nemitha ionizing, ibe bodwa amasuntswana ityala ngqo flow uhlobo nemitha wazibhokoxa ngokungangqalanga, ngamanye amazwi, a photon okanye umqadi Proton, amasuntswana cala basinge. isixhobo luwenza ukukhetha samabanga kunye uhlobo yesibini ionizing radiation. umthamo wendele of radiation kumiselwa ngokuhambelana nohlobo radiation apho iziyobisi ufunyenwe, umzekelo, amandla impembelelo imitha ithamo olusebenzayo evela emajukujukwini kumphezulu womhlaba, ngaphandle kwesigubungelo, ngu 0,036 mSv / h. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqondwe ukuba uhlobo kunye ithamo womlinganiselo-ezifunekayo umlinganiselo yayo ixhomekeke udibaniso eziliqela, ethetha reyi yesiqalo, oko kuxhomekeke kuhlobo geomagnetic yesibanzi indawo loop ngonyaka elinanye umsebenzi elanga.

Ionizing uluhlu energy yamasuntswana lo asukela isibini lwezalathisi ezilikhulu eV kwaye uza nezalathisi-10 ^15-20 electron volts. Ubude indlela kunye nokukwazi umthondo zisenokwahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye zisukela micrometers eziliqela amawaka km okanye nangaphezulu.

Familiarization ne exposure idosi

ukusebenza ionization uthathwa iintlobo ezisisiseko uphawu intsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo ukukhanya. Kweli xesha lokuqala ukubunjwa dosimetry radiation ikakhulu bafunda ze-ukucwangcisa, amaza leyo kulala phakathi isalathiso yelanga phakathi gamma radiation, ngenxa yokuba kubhaliwe ngokubanzi isasazeka emoyeni. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo oluninzi ukuba intsimi radiation umgangatho ionization lomoya. Lo mlinganiselo yaba sisiseko ekudalweni idosi exposure emiselwe ionization zezulu phantsi koxinzelelo eziqhelekileyo umoya, umoya ngokwawo kufuneka owomileyo.

Exposure radiation yedosi wendele isebenza ukumisela banako ionizing radiation lwe-X-reyi kwaye gamma-ray ibonisa amandla unyulu ukunyamezeleyo ukuguquka yaba namandla entshukumo amasuntswana ebebizwe wona ngowama-elingqamene ubunzima womoya komoya.

Iyunithi lomlinganiselo wendele radiation uhlobo exposure idosi - licandelo pendant SI umahlule ngo kilograms (C / kg). Uhlobo off-nkqubo unit - X-ray (R). Enye pendant / kg ohambelana 3876 X-ray.

imali adsorbed

Ithamo wendele ye-mo nje inkcazelo ecacileyo, kuye kwayimfuneko ukuba umntu ngokunxulumene iintlobo eli sesichengeni kukho imitha apha esikule of eziphilileyo kunye nezakhiwo ezingaphiliyo. Ukwandisa olwaziwa kweentlobo kunye ionizing-mo wabonisa ukuba iqondo yempembelelo kunye nefuthe kunokuba obungafaniyo kakhulu kwaye abawuthobeli definition njengesiqhelo. Nika ukunyuka ukuya utshintsho yemichiza emzimbeni kwi inyama kunye ubuncwane phantsi zokukhanya, ngaba kuphela isixa esithile wamandla wendele ionizing uhlobo radiation. Lona kanye inani elifunekayo ukuqalisa ezi utshintsho kuxhomekeke kuhlobo radiation. Sathatha yedosi-ezifunekayo khona ngenxa yeso sizathu. Enyanisweni, eli xabiso eneji ufakwa kwicandelo kukufakwa kunye ubuncwane ekwafanekisa luhlobo ionizing lwamandla into wendele ubunzima isifundo okanye into imisebe.

Iimpawu Zokulinganisela Indlela wendele umthamo usebenzisa iyunithi esingwevu (wulwe) - yinxalenye yenkqubo SI. Enye grey - sisixa ithamo ukuba ungadlulisela esiyijowule enye ionizing radiation 1 kg ubunzima. Jabulani - unit off-nkqubo umlinganiselo wexabiso 1 wulwe ingqamana 100 Rad.

Ithamo ukulibeka eziphilayo

Artificial zokukhanya izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwizihlunu wabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo radiation, ngelixa idosi enye wendele ukuze ngokwahlukileyo kuchaphazela umzimba kwaye zonke iinkqubo zebhayoloji nemichiza ezenzeka kulo. Oku kubangelwa isixa umahluko of ion eveliswe ukukhanya amasuntswana enzima. Kuba enye umendo enye ecaleni Proton ion zomzimba ungakha ngaphezu ovela. Amasuntswana luthe eqokelelwe ionization, kokukhona kuya kuba yemisebe ebuhlungu emzimbeni ukusebenza, phantsi idosi enye okubanjwa. Loo nto ngokwale meko, umahluko kumandla ifuthe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo radiation ukuya izihlunu, iye lwaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa kokwalathelwa idosi elingana. Ezilinganayo sathatha ithamo imitha - i data ye radiation kwisalathisi umzimba ebalwe phinda idosi wendele kunye lomlingani elithile, ebizwa ukungavumelani kwe ngempumelelo isalamane yebhayoloji (RBE). Kodwa njengoko udla ngokubizwa ngokuba factor esemgangathweni.

Iyunithi umthamo radiation hlobo elingana wendele kulinganiswa e SI, elileli: sievert (Sv). Enye Sv ilingana idosi ahambelanayo nayiphi na imitha leyo ifunxwe elinye ikilogram imvelaphi yebhayoloji kunye zomzimba edala isiphumo esilingana 1 labefundisi sesichengeni sosasazeko lwemitha lohlobo photon. KaRemaliya - kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo Isalathisi eziphilayo (esilingana) of umthamo ithathe extrasystematic. 1 Sv lihambisana beram ezilikhulu.

Ifomu ithamo olusebenzayo

Ithamo olusebenzayo - umlinganiselo wexabiso, esetyenziswa umlinganiselo umngcipheko neziphumo elide-uluhlu sesichengeni kwabantu, iinxalenye zayo ngamnye umzimba inyama kunye nesiphelo kunye nabasemagunyeni. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo radiosensitivity ayo. Ithamo radiation wendele lilingane imveliso ithamo yebhayoloji iinxalenye ezithile umzimba ngumlingani wokuweyisha.

tissue ezahlukeneyo zabantu kunye zomzimba susceptibility radiation ezahlukeneyo. Abanye imizimba nga ngexabiso elinye Isalathisi elingana wendele ithamo phantsi kusenokwenzeka isahlakalo umhlaza kunabanye, umzekelo, amathuba sisifo ndlala incincane kune emiphungeni. Ngenxa yokuba abantu basebenzisa kusungulwe ingozi yokuba radiation. Ikritshi - yindlela ukumisela yedosi-mo kwaye lujolise ilungu okanye kwithishyu. Isishwankathelo umchazi azinampembelelo eziphilayo i ithamo olusebenzayo ibalwa phinda inani ehambelana idosi yebhayoloji CRC ilungu elithile, iithishu.

Ingcamango zedosi ezidityanelweyo

Kukho ingqiqo kukufakwa ithamo iqela le udibaniso lwamaxabiso ngamanye ezininzi amathamo eyiyo iqela elithile izifundo kangangexesha elithile. Ukubala zingenziwa naziphi na iindawo zokuhlala, ukuya kumazwe lonke okanye amazwekazi. Ngokuba lo avareji iyanda yi idosi olusebenzayo kunye nenani lilonke lezifundo baboniswa kwimitha. index enjalo ulinganiswa wendele zedosi usebenzisa le ndoda-sievert (Sv keli.).

Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo zingentla umthamo ako, ezahlulwe kwakhona, kommitmentnuyu, abanyatheli embundwini womnyango, ngokudibeneyo, ukuthintela, umda, ithamo neutron uhlobo gamma radiation-ebulalayo ezimbalwa eziphilayo.

Ifuthe umthamo kunye neyunithi

zokukhanya Isalathisi kwegalelo - kufakwe idosi oluthile radiation phantsi kwempembelelo ezithile unit ixesha yokulinganisa. Eli xabiso kushukunyiswa idosi umahluko (elilingana wendele et al.) Ukwahlulwa yiyunithi ixesha. Kukho iiyunithi ezininzi yenzelwe isiko.

umthamo wendele of radiation kuxhomekeke nendlela uhlobo elifanelekileyo ngqo imali radiation wendele of kwimitha (omzeleyo, wendele, mboniso, njalo njalo). Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukubala ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo ezahlukeneyo lwezibalo, kwaye usebenzise iiyunithi zemilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo. Imizekelo iiyunithi zemilinganiselo zezi:

1. ifomu ezifunekayo - Grey-ikhilogram kwinkqubo SI ilinganiswa kwi Rad-grams.
2. Omfunayo uhlobo - sievert kwinkqubo SI ilinganiswa - in rems.
3. uhlobo Exposure - eziphephezelayo-ikhilogram kwinkqubo SI ilinganiswa - kwi-X-reyi.

Kukho nezinye iiyunithi zemilinganiselo ehambisana nezinye iintlobo ithamo radiation okubanjwa.

iziphumo

Ukuhlalutya la manqaku, sinokugqiba ukuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi, kwaye bobabini ionizing-mo neentlobo ifuthe layo ubuncwane ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo. Bonke bephela ezibalwa, njengoko umthetho, kwiiyunithi SI, kwaye uhlobo ngalunye ekwafanekisa inkqubo ethile kunye iyunithi yokulinganisa non-nkqubo. Umthombo ngazo kungaba kakhulu ezahlukeneyo, zombini yendalo neyenziweyo, kunye nemitha ngokwayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo eziphilayo.