Yintoni isici? Iiyunithi zemilinganiselo ulahlekiso womlinganiselo

Abantu badla ngokujongana ekufumaneni ubuninzi emzimbeni. Kule meko sithetha yokulinganisa into. Eli binzana sivela inzululwazi ekuthiwa leMitroloji. Yintoni isici?

definition

Isikali inkqubo yovandlakanyo physical ubungakanani kuthetha usebenzisa empirically yokulinganisa. Isiphumo inkqubo womlinganiselo - kubalulekile kwiiyunithi yavuma, leyo kuthiwa esebenzayo.

Umgaqo zemilinganiselo kuthiwa into ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngaphezulu kwezi nesenzeko, ezenza isiseko yemilinganiselo. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo ubushushu kusetyenziswa isiphumo thermoelectric.

Yintoni le ndlela yokulinganisa? Yinto iseti enjalo iindlela isicelo izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nemigaqo zabo. Yaye yintoni na ndlela yokulinganisa? Ezi ndlela lobuchwepheshe ukuba babe iipropati metrological, imigangatho ahambelanayo.

iintlobo kwesilinganiso

Ngoko ke, yintoni na imilinganiselo njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, kuyaqondakala. Kodwa kukho kwakhona iintlobo, kucalulo leyo yenzelwa phezu ngokwesiseko indlela ixabiso elilinganiselweyo ixhomekeka kuhlobo lenxaki kwexesha, iimeko ezibonakalisa ukuchana iziphumo zemilinganiselo, ngokunjalo iindlela apho ichazwa ezi ziphumo.

Ukuxhomekeka ngexesha

Ukunikela ingqalelo ukuxhomekeka yexabiso, nto leyo kulinganiswa kwexesha, iintlobo ezimbini amanyathelo zingahlukaniswa:

• imilinganiselo Dynamic zezo, apho utshintsho ixabiso ekuhambeni kwexesha. Umzekelo ingaba ubushushu okanye uxinzelelo imilinganiselo ngexesha lenkqubo ucinezelo igesi iziqulathi injini.
• Ebizwa silinganiso static apho inani elifunekayo phezu ixesha ayikatshintshi. Imizekelo: iqondo lobushushu womlinganiselo, a xi rhoqo, imilinganiselo.

Ukuxhomekeka kwi equation

A indlela yokuvelisa iziphumo leyo emiselwe uhlobo lenxaki ukuba imilinganiselo sabela umlinganiselo ngqo nengxelo-, kwakunye ngokudibeneyo kwaye lonyuselo.

• Yintoni ngqo womlinganiselo? It is a womlinganiselo apho ixabiso wacela ubuninzi emzimbeni lufumaneka ngqo ukusuka data afunyenwe ngenxa yokuba amava. Imizekelo zemilinganiselo ngqo ziquka: yomlinganiselo lobushushu kunye ubushushu, umlinganiselo ubukhulu be mveliso usebenzisa micrometer okanye imbi kumetwa engile usebenzisa neprotrektha.
• Yintoni isikali engangqalanga? Esi silinganiso apho ixabiso ekujoliswe uzimisele isekelwe ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo izixa ezo ngokusebenzisa nomlinganiselo ngqo kunye ixabiso olifunayo. Imizekelo ngokwemilinganiso ezinjalo: yomlinganiselo ngomsonto ubukhulu yi indlela oogesi ezintathu, ukufumana umthamo umzimba kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokwemilinganiso ngqo imilinganiso yalo. imilinganiselo ngokungathanga zixhaphake kakhulu xa ixabiso kunzima kakhulu okanye kungenakwenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo ngqo. Kuyenzeka ukuba kuphela ixabiso olifunayo lingalinganiswa ngokungathanga ngqo. Ezi ziquka umlinganiselo ubungakanani imizimba yasezulwini.
• Yintoni umlinganiselo lilonke? It is a womlinganiselo apho amaxabiso ezinqwenelekayo sizimisele ngokungqinelana neziphumo ngokwemilinganiso eziliqela zizifundo ezahlukeneyo lwamaxabiso. kanye intsingiselo ubuninzi unknown umiselwa ekusombululeni inkqubo kwizibalo, apho ukubhalwa uthotho ngokwemilinganiso ngqo. UMZEKELO imilinganiselo ezongezelelekayo: ukuzimisela konyanzeliso iseti nganye ubunzima, ngamanye amazwi oko nge ubunzima ezaziwayo ubunzima, kwakunye neziphumo ngokwemilinganiso ngqo nokuthelekisa inyambalala yamatye ezihamba kunye.
• silinganiso Joint walibiza, nto leyo yenzelwa kanyekanye yezahlukileyo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ngamagama ahlukeneyo ukwenzela ukufumana ubudlelwane esebenza phakathi kwabo. Umzekelo bekuya kuba ingcaciso ubude lento, ngokuxhomekeka kumaqondo obushushu.

Kuxhomekeka kwiimeko

Ngokutsho iimeko, leyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwahlula imilinganiselo ngokweendidi ezintathu:

1. ukuchana Umlinganiselo, nto leyo esiphezulu. Ezi ziquka kumetwa ukuchana ophezulu kunye ireferensi.

2. ekuphumeni. isiphoso sabo nge linokuba ngaphezulu ethile ixabiso kwangaphambili.

3. Technical. Esi silinganiso, apho ixabiso imposiso lokugqibela ezimiselwe iimpawu indlela ayisebenzisayo kwinkqubo womlinganiselo.

Kuxhomekeka indlela yokubonisa iziphumo

Ngokutsho indlela yokubonisa iziphumo zemilinganiselo lungohlulwa lube ngokugqibeleleyo isalamane.

• Yintoni umlinganiselo phelele? Esi silinganiso olusekelwe nomlinganiselo ngqo ubungakanani okanye isicelo yexabiso ezithile constants emzimbeni. Imizekelo: kul ukumisela, ubude ngeemitha.
• Yintoni umlinganiselo isizalwane? It is a womlinganiselo apho ezinqwenelekayo ixabiso buthelekiswa kunye nenye ixabiso, apho lidlala indima okanye iyunithi Iwendawo yokuqala. Umzekelo ngokwemilinganiso ezinjalo: nokuzimisela nokufuma isalamane, ichazwa umlinganiselo umphunga wamanzi we-cubic metre umoya inani engumphunga yokunyakamisa cubic meter umoya kubushushu elinikiweyo.

inkqubo womlinganiselo

Ukulandeleka kuthetha ukuyondelelana ubukhulu zabo bonke ubukhulu. Oku Kucacile, ukuba sinikela ingqalelo yokuba ixabiso inye kulinganiswa zombini iindlela ngqo nengxelo-ntetho. ukungaguquguquki ngolo kunokufikelelwa ngokudala inkqubo leeyunithi. Le nkqubo wokuqala loo yaziswa ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha. Kwazeka oko kubo bonke inkqubo metric. Kwaye inkqubo yokuqala ezisekelwe kubungqina lezindlu yaba kwinkqubo ecetywayo Karlom Gaussom. Kuye kwamkelwa njengesiseko kweeyunithi ezintathu: yesibini, millimitha kunye milligrams. Yindlela mihla leeyunithi yakhiwa ngokusekelwe inkqubo ngokupheleleyo ezinjalo.

Yintoni na ke iyunithi yokulinganisa neendlela

Le yunithi kuthiwa ixabiso oluthile uzimisele kwaye ebekwe ngesivumelwano. Kunye nezinye iimfundiso zakhe izotywe uhlobo olufanayo ukuba amazwi lobukhulu kwabo isixa utshilo.

ubukhulu ngalinye kulinganiswa emzimbeni kufuneka ilingane iyunithi lakhe yokulinganisa. Ngenxa yoko, iiyunithi ngamnye ziyafuneka ukuze zokulinganisa isantya, ubude, umthamo, ubunzima, umgama, njalo njalo. unit nganye inokumiselwa ngokukhetha umgangatho. System of kweeyunithi lula ngakumbi, ukuba iqulathe iiyunithi nje ezimbalwa abanyuliweyo ezinkulu, kwaye abanye azimisele ngabo. A ubude unit Ubhekiso m. Ngokusekelwe kulo, indawo unit ingqalelo imitha square, iyunithi ngesantya - iimitha ngomzuzu, kwaye umthamo we-unit - cubed imitha.

imposiso

Yintoni nokulinganisa ukungaqiniseki? Eli gama libhekisela ukutenxa iziphumo yomlinganiselo kwixabiso ngqo okanye okwenyaniso sobungakanani oko kulinganiswa. ixabiso Liyinyaniso ayaziwa. Oku kusebenza kuphela kwizifundo theoretical component.

Maxa wambi lo mbuzo, "yintoni na isiphoso womlinganiselo" unokuviwa njenge impendulo kwenye definition - "Impazamo womlinganiselo". Kodwa ke kubhetele ukuba ukuyisebenzisa kuba ayiphumeleli.

iintlobo iimpazamo

Ngendlela imposiso womlinganiselo yingxenye isiphoso ka ngesiphumo womlinganiselo wokugqibela, apho kuhlala rhoqo okanye iyahluka rhoqo imilinganiselo okuphindwayo kwe inani elibonakalayo. ubhalo womlinganiselo iyahlula ucalu iintlobo eziliqela.

• Imposiso abasisigxina - kodwa loo mpazamo egcina ixabiso layo phezu kwexesha. Olu hlobo lo eqhelekileyo kakhulu.
• Imposiso Progressive - nguye liyaqhubeka ukwanda okanye ukuhla. Oku kuquka iimpazamo ezithe zenzeka ngenxa banxibe of izixhobo zokulinganisa okanye ezinjengeetheminali ukuba dibana iinkcukacha.
• Imposiso Periodic - le mpazamo, xabiso lazo elo ke ngumsebenzi ngamaxesha ixesha okanye uhambisa isixhobo isalathisi, esetyenziswa nomlinganiselo.
• Isiphoso, oko kulinganiswa umthetho enzima - nguye kungenxa yokuba izenzo abanenkathalo iimpazamo ezininzi ngendlela.

Icandelo Imposiso instrumental ekuthiwa Imposiso womlinganiselo leyo ibangwa lexesha indlela esetyenziswayo.

Ukuchaneka indlela womlinganiselo na icandelo, nto leyo ebangelwe ukungafezeki ndlela, nto leyo iye yasetyenziswa ukuze umlinganiselo.

Isikali ngenxa

Yintoni umphumo lomlinganiselo? Eli xabiso kobungakanani elibonakalayo, efunyanwa umlinganiselo kuyo.

Ingalungiswa nokulinganisa isiphumo esikhankanywe ixabiso angamthengisela ifunyenwe ngexesha imilinganiselo phambi kokuba yaziswa malunga iziphoso ngendlela.

ixabiso japan ilungisiwe lixabiso efunyanwa xa umlinganiselo iphuculwe ngokubonisa izilungiso eziyimfuneko.

Ukuhlangabezana iziphumo zomlinganiselo ibhekiswe kufutshane iziphumo, apho kwenziwa kwakhona ngokusebenzisa izixhobo efanayo, indlela efanayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.

Yintoni na ke reproducibility iziphumo? Le kufuphi ngamnye ezinye iziphumo ezo zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yaye isetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ezithe zanikwa kwiimeko ezifanayo.

silinganiso esilandelayo Isiphumo ukulandelelana amaxabiso efanayo ubungakanani leyo zathathwa thotho womlinganiselo, emva kwelinye.

idatha yokukala

Namhlanje uyakwazi umlinganiselo kuphela izinto eziphathekayo. Ukususela kwixesha ubuchwepheshe be-computer, sisebenzisa ulwazi ngendlela yedijithali. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo. Yintoni umlinganiselo ulwazi? Le nkcazelo i data, leyo zibonakaliswa kwiiyunithi zabo. A reference ulwazi yokulinganisa yunithi isuntswana leyo sisixa ulwazi kwenzeka iziganeko xa equiprobable. Ngokomzekelo, omnye itosi lwemali kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbini kunokwenzeka ngokulinganayo. Ukulahleka elinye macala iqulathe iinkcukacha volume kwi balithande.

Igama le yunithi segama elithi "binary". Eli linani apho singathatha amaxabiso amabini kuphela - elinye okanye a zero. La manani asetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo izixhobo zekhompyutha ukunika ulwazi. Ekubeni bit licandelo encinane kakhulu lomlinganiselo lolwazi, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba usebenzise ezinkulu. Yeyona bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, njalo-njalo.

Lo mqulu, nto leyo ethatha umsebenzisi wangena ukusuka ikhibhodi byte mnye. Oku 8 ziintanda.

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, onke amagama asetyenziswa nomlinganiselo kwaxoxwa. Le imposiso inkqubo zemilinganiselo neentlobo zayo, iziphumo. Kubhekwe ukuba iyunithi enjalo yokulinganisa, nendlela ezi units. Konke oku kuyimfuneko ukwazi abantu ejongene nenzululwazi, ikhompyutha, okanye nje iinkumbulo. Ngapha koko, xa ubudala information technology ubulumko efanelekileyo ukuba ulwazi - ngamandla.