Fungi: iimpawu jikelele kunye nokubaluleka

Kakhulu inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga eziphilayo umdla kuthi ukunika tutorials ngomxholo "Biology" (Grade 6). iimpawu ngokubanzi nomngundo, Noko ke, - umxholo lonke iincwadi kunye namaphepha zenzululwazi. Oku akothusi - ukufunda kubo umdla kakhulu.

Uyawathanda, inkcazelo jikelele yayo thaca kweli nqaku, okusingqongileyo kunye trophic indices - eukaryotes heterotrophic kuphela osmotrofnym uhlobo lokutya. Le nkcazo iyayahlula ngokucacileyo kuzo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze kwisithuba yile biota. iimpawu ngokubanzi nomngundo bubonisa ukuba osmotrofnym amandla indlela ngenxa iimpawu morphological, nokomzimba kunye ezinto ngayo.

umzimba kwezityalo of nomngundo

Umzimba kwezityalo of fungi kakhulu a zixhobo kakhulu branched (hyphae) kunye nokukhula mda, leyo kunye zibizwa ngokuba mycelium okanye mycelium. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le mycelium egxile ngokupheleleyo kwi zeendawana (umhlaba, izityalo izihlunu, ubulongwe bezilwanyana, iintsalela zezityalo, njalo njalo.), Yaye iimpawu ezinjalo lwesakhiwo yayo ukuvumela ukuba isicatshulwa ubuninzi kuyo zonke izondlo zomzimba usebenzisa ekzoosmosa.

izinto eziphilayo kwezi substrates ikakhulu ngohlobo Iipholima eziphakamileyo ezinto ubunzima (iiproteni, polysaccharides, asidi acid) ukuba musa uwele izigqubuthelo iseli. Ngako oko fungi, iimpawu jikelele apho unomdla zeendawana ayikhuphi depolymerase enzayim ukuyinamathelisa oligo- neepholimazi of monomers ezinokuthi kuthuthwa kwi iiseli thina. Ukuba enzyme isilwanyana secreted ukuya emathunjini, ngoko ke amakhowa bemi ngaphandle, yaye ngoko ke hyphae ezinzwaneni kunokufaniswa ukuba amathumbu everted.

lokwanda fungi

ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo waya mycelium zeendawana umda nangokuyisasaza lwabo esithubeni. Ngoko ke, amalungu zabo zokuzala zibekwa phambili phezu komhlaba zeendawana, okanye waphakamisa ngaphezu ukuba isasazeke emoyeni, okanye (ukuba zeendawana nesemanzini) of the zolwelo medium. fungi abaninzi (macromycetes) imizimba ibihlungu-zithwele mikhulu, ibonakala ngokucacileyo ukuya ngeliso lenyama (eliphakamayo ngaphezu amakhowa umhlaba shlyapochnye ezimila okanye umthi yingxubuwa). Ezinye fungi (mikromitcety) imizimba ezincinane sporulation, isakhiwo zabo inokubonwa kuphela phantsi ngemicroscope, kodwa zakha uphuhliso ubunzima umbala ngohlobo behlasela fungi kwi substrates ezahlukeneyo.

Ezimbini zobukumkani nomngundo

emifanekisweni Phylogenetic zibonisa ukuba ecomorphs "mushroom" ayikho bomzi iqela monophyletic, kwaye yahlulwe phyla ezimbini (ubukumkani). Ingxenye best, ebizwa ngokuba "fungi lokwenyaniso" (eumitsety) monophyly kwaye ngenene fungi ubukumkani (fungi). Inxalenye ezincinane, ebizwa ngokuba "eziphilayo gribopodobnymi" (psevdomitsety) iza kunye ezithile Ingca yolwandle ebukumkanini Stramenopila, neyohlulwe ngamaqela amabini - Oomycota (oomycetes) kunye Labyrinthulomycota (ngumngundo anodaka net). Ngenxa yeli candelo linceda iimpawu ngokubanzi ngayo izinto. Amanita, njengokuba ubona - oku kuphela yinxalenye yonke iyantlukwano yabo.

metabolites Primary secondary

Zonke metabolites ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. metabolites Primary ayimfuneko ukuze umzimba ukhule, yaye ezinye endaweni yazo. Oku nucleic asidi, iiprotheni, iikhabhohayidrethi, coenzymes, lipids, njl Kwezi organelles cellular eyakhelwe -. Isiqalo, mitochondria, ribosomes, iseli udonga izakhiwo kunye inwebu ezo obude. iimpawu ngokubanzi metabolite ophambili kukuba iiseli zabo amanqatha zisetyenziswa njengomthombo wokutya namandla. metabolites Secondary ayimfuneko ukuze kwenziwe utshintsho apha naphaya iimeko zobomi. Bayakwazi kwenzeka ezinye iintlobo ze nabangekhoyo kwabanye. Ngokungafaniyo metabolites zaseprayimari, zamabanga - ngesiqhelo ephantsi iikhompawundi ubunzima eziphilayo.

protein

iiproteni zezakhiwo ziyinxalenye udonga yeseli, izinto cytoskeletal izakhiwo ndizayo, zofuzo zakhiwa - microtubules kunye microfilaments. iiproteni Enzyme kunika zonke iinkqubo intracellular kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo.

carbohydrate

carbohydrate zezakhiwo polymeric - isiseko eludongeni yeseli, ezo izinto. iimpawu ngokubanzi carbohydrate ngokwemiqathango kwemichiza ukubunjwa kwenza kube lula ukuba bazohlule babe ngamaqela amathathu kubo: glucose kunye nezinye monosaccharides kunye carbohydrate covalently ezinxulumene peptides (glycoproteins).

Iipholima iswekile - na glucans, ngechitin neselulosi. Glucans zingamakhamandela linear okanye branched neemolekyuli glucose. Baya kwenza umaleko olungaphandle iseli udonga zomngundo ezininzi. Xa molekyuli zeentsalela glucose ngechitin aba kunye namaqela acid (aminated) apho, ke ngoko iintsalela acid acetic eqhotyoshelweyo (acetylated). Iimolekyuli "inxeba" molekyuli kunye branched ezinye polysaccharides zenza amathambo esiluqilima eludongeni cell. Kwincindi ifumaneka kuzo zonke Oomycetes kuvavanywa kuyo malunga ne-10% ye-ubunzima yeseli eludongeni. Long babekholelwa ukuba akukho fungi kuyinyaniso, kodwa ngoku ibonisa ubukho yayo eludongeni ezinye Ascomycetes (uhlobo Ophiostoma).

Iipholima nezinye monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, kunye nabanye.), Ebizwa eliphezulu izityalo isiHindi, akukho onke amaqela zomngundo. Ingakumbi a lot of Iipholima of mannose - mannans - ezindongeni iseli ye engenagwele. Kuyabonakala ukuba, isakhiwo inikeze iindonga thomo ngcono kunokuba glucan.

Okokugqibela, kukho uphawu jikelele fungi zingahlonyelelwa yi yokuba kwiindonga zabo esiseleni, kwakunye kwizityalo iqulethe polysaccharides ezininzi ezinxulumene iimolekyuli protein -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny njalo Bakha umaleko engundoqo kodonga yeseli multilayer kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni iseli ingqibelelo lwesakhiwo, kwaye kutshintshiselwano yayo kunye neenkqubo okusingqongileyo.

carbohydrate spare

Eli phepha lizisa i iimpawu olude eneenkcukacha jikelele zomngundo. 6 isikolo grade - ixesha xa okokuqala wayezazi kakuhle izinto eklasini biology. Sicebisa ukuba bandise ulwazi lwabo baze baphicothe ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Ngoku ukuchaza ekutshintshweni ekudleni.

In fungi zafunyanwa reserve polysaccharide ephambili ezendeleyo izityalo ephezulu kwakunye nezityalo ezininzi - istatshi. Iglucose lugcinwe eumitsetov glucan kufutshane nje glycogen starch isilwanyana. Ukongezelela glucans evela amakhowa nezinye carbohydrate nanceba, yaye ezinye unique ebukumkanini zomngundo. Oku ikakhulu trehalose disaccharide. Kangangexesha elide trehalose ifumaneka kuphela nomngundo, kutheni yena ufumene igama yesibini - mycosis. Ngoku ifumaneka kwezinye izityalo ephezulu njengoko inamehlo minor. Trehalose ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhubazeko nokulungiswa iiseli nokungunda xi nokulawulwa kweenkqubo osmotic. Iiseli fungal nazo iqulethwe alkoholi sugar - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol kunye nabanye.

lipids

Lipids (esters glycerol ye asidi monocarboxylic yokuba aliphatic chain unbranched) ayimveliso ezibalulekileyo nanceba, ukuba ezifakwe iseli ngokohlobo amathontsi ngamanqatha. Kuba fungi ebonakala ezinomthamo eliphezulu polyunsaturated (ukuba iibhondi ezimbalwa ephindiweyo kwikhonkco aliphatic) fatty ezifana linolenic - amathathu, kunye CD - izitropu ezine kabini. Le fom phospholipid (olungqanyaniswa Ester iqhina kunye acid phosphoric), lipids amacandelo enkulu ingaphandle cell. A indima enkulu ekudaleni kweendlela lipids inwebu kunye sterols adlala, unika amandla ndizayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana cholesterol kokuba-27 athom kwekhabhoni molecule (C-27) kunye phytosterols (C-29) zityalo, sterol ephambili ezinzwaneni - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites Secondary: zombala

Amakhowa, ndayihluthwa ngombala photosynthesis, kodwa bavelise inani elikhulu iikhompawundi, umbala mycelium amalungu propagative okanye zeendawana. Ngokutsho nakuhlobo lwemichiza zombala ezininzi unxulumene terpenoid (carotenoids) okanye iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi. Senza iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, ahlobene carotene-orenji ekuba ukuhamba inkqubo ngokwesondo Mucorales; ngombala eziluhlaza nezimnyama mnyama izakhi Aspergillus efakwe kuphela isixhobo Sporiferous leyo, ngokungafaniyo mycelium zeendawana, amiliswe ngaphakathi emoyeni, yaye kwiingxabano yokukhuseleka zemitha yelanga; melanin nagusha imnyama lifakwa iindonga iseli, ukwandisa amandla abo.

Ubuthi antibiotics

fungi abaninzi ukuvelisa izinto eziyityhefu ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuba baye babona xa Kuqulunqwe iimpawu ngokubanzi nomngundo (6 textbook kwibakala okanye lesandla high school). Izinto, nto leyo iyityhefu Cya, ebizwa antibiotics ukuba enetyhefu kwizityalo - phytotoxins eziyityhefu izilwanyana kunye nabantu - mycotoxins. Ezinye metabolites of nomngundo, ukuba ityhefu kumaqela ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo (izityalo kunye Cya, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana), kufuneka inyathelo ezintsonkothileyo. Amachiza kuhlelwe yi fungi ezininzi bawumiyo umhlaba, ekufuneka kukhuphisana izondlo substrates kunye namanye amagciwane. uhlobo lwabo chemical kunye indlela yokusebenza zahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yoko, imithi-penicillins kunye cephalosporins anqanda iseli eludongeni kudibaniso ntsholongwane, trichothecenes - protein kudibaniso e eziphilayo eukaryotic, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins kunye mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins eyabelwe fungi kwi esiqwini sesityalo elosulelekileyo, ukuba ukufa kweeseli zezityalo, neziye zithi ke ngoko zibe ngamaxhoba lula sisidleleli. Ityhefu anqanda iinkqubo enzymatic kwizisele izityalo abosulelwe (umz, ngundo Alternaria tentoksin abangaphangeliyo photosynthesis phosphorylation) ilifa ukusebenza inwebu ngamandla nempembelelo kwicala lothutho kwezinto nge-inwebu, ukudluliselwa transmembrane ion (fusaric acid, fusicoccin et al.).

Mycotoxins bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - buthi ze nomngundo yokungcoliswa (mikromitcetov) fungal ityhefu macromycetes umzimba fruiting enkulu. Okokuqala ngokukodwa fungi ezinobungozi ezosulela iimveliso zezityalo ezisetyenziswa ukutya. Ngokomzekelo, xa sclerotia sezakhi yiergot baziqwebele (heterocycles eziqulathe nitrogen), apho ubuthi neuro-unedumbe. Abayi Yodilizwa ngexesha ukubhaka, ngoko ke isonka esibhakiweyo ngomgubo kunye liyahlasela of sclerotia nakhandiweyo, kuyingozi kakhulu. ukusetyenziswa kwalo kungabangela Ityhefu kakhulu, into ke leyo eye ezibulalayo. Okunye cereals amaphelo - pathogen Fusarium intloko yonakalise. It is a mushroom ye Fusarium, leyo yabela okuziinkozo terpenoid ityhefu kwakhona ukuba ityhefu kakhulu (isonka esibhakiweyo ngomgubo ne Fusarium, edume ngokuba "enxilile isonka", njengoko yenza nesiyezi, ukugabha kunye nezinye iimpawu efana ityhefu kakhulu utywala).

izidlo awafanele

Okwangoku, kukho ulwazi oluninzi ukudla kwabo bafumana inzululwazi kunye eziphilayo. iimpawu ngokubanzi nomngundo, kule mbono na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kunayo fungi kungenxa kwisityalo, ngoko ke kufuneka iienzymes esebenzayo ukuba ndimaphule polysaccharides zesakhiwo abangenzi nto ngalo izityalo eziphilayo nobutyobo izityalo. pectinases ezinjalo utshabalalisa polygalacturonic acid (pectin) kwi esisezantsi molecule oligogalakturonidy ubunzima, xylanase, cellobiase neselulosi eluhlazo neselulosi kunye isiHindi - icandelo ekudleni engundoqo ezindongeni yezityalo, amylase ubola starch, njl Okwesibini, emva kokuba neselulosi ngokobunzima yeekhomponenti plant cells -. lignin, emele UA-ntathu Polymer enuka kamnandi. Ingakumbi kakhulu kuyo iiseli yokutheza okukhulu. Lignin - le Polymer kakhulu ukumelana kwezityalo kwaye kuphela amakhowa (ikakhulu drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) kufuneka lignazy thob enzyme kuyo. Amakhowa ezidala bathelela ifaka izilwanyana kunye nabantu (eluswini, iinwele, iintsiba), iienzymes ukuba ndiludilize protein zenziwe ngekeratini, ukuba zakhiwa khona.

Inkoliso yezi enzayim yokulondoloza yamandla kuhlelwe yi iiseli hayi rhoqo kodwa kuphela phambi kweziyobisi kwimeko-bume (umz, ukuba akukho pectin kwimeko-bume, i pectinase ayikho kuhlelwe). Abayi constitutive, njengoko kuxhomekeke zeendawana induction. Ngapha koko, ukuba ayakhekanga ukuba eliphakathi ngumxube iikhompawundi kwezondlo kunye yokucolwa amandla entle kakhulu (catabolites). Umzekelo, imveliso ekupheleni kwintshabalalo polysaccharides ezininzi - glucose, kunjalo kwimeko apho ukongeza iqulethe pectin okanye kwincindi, iswekile, cellulase kunye pectinase akubangelwa. Akunakwenzeka ukuba luncedo ukuvelisa iinkqubo imichiza entsonkothileyo ukuvelisa iswekile, ukuba seyinikiwe ekukhuleni esiphakathi. loo mgaqo kuthiwa zocindezelo catabolite.

agamobium

Ukuqhubeka ukuvula isihloko ezifana "iimpawu jikelele nomngundo", ngokufutshane ukuchaza iimpawu andise. ukuzala maqanda ezi zinto ziphilayo zinokuba imbewu eselula ukugogeka. Zoospores yakha inani elincinane nomngundo, zasemanzini kunye ezisentlabathini, ogama genetic zibonwa ngokucacileyo ngenxa emanzini. isakhiwo misila kwaye zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh efanayo naleyo echazwe ngenxa ochrophyta, ngelixa Chytridiomycota kuya kuxoxwa ngazo incazelo yale qela. iintlobo ezininzi spores fungi iphinde izivelise kwakhona stills, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kakhulu ukufikelela elide-ixesha ilizwe. Imbewu nga abunjwe endogenously kwi ama (sporangiospory) okanye exogenously (conidia). Imbewu iqala zikhutshwe kuphela emva kokuba kutshatyalaliswe sporangium, leyo ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka xa kumanzi. inani elikhulu (amawaka) of imbewu, kodwa ezinye iintlobo benza sporangium ezincinane (sporangioli) apho i imbewu embalwa kuphela (ngamanye amaxesha enye) lidla yaqalwa ngo ama. Kwimeko yokugqibela sporangioli iqokobhe kunye imbewu nga coalesce, kwaye ngoko imbambano imisebenzi iqala nje angaphandle. Oku kubonisa isenzeko iphambili imbewu zemveli, leyo na uhlobo angaphandle.

syngenesis

Olu hlobo luqhelekileyo inkqubo ngesondo, kunye alula - ezo gametes amabini na umahluko kwi iiseli kwezityalo, ebizwa somatogamiya. Olu hlobo nkqubo ekuso ukuba igwele askomitsetnyh ngokwesondo, Basidiomycetes kunye nezinye fungi ezininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha ngaphandle iseli fusion, Fusion elula nuclei phakathi kwiiseli. A yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu landulelwa ngamaqabane bodwa iinxenye mycelium ngokwesondo (gametangia) Athe ngoko uhlanganise. Loo inkqubo ngokwesondo, gametangiogamiya, okufana abaninzi zigo- kunye Ascomycetes. Ekugqibeleni, xa umngundo eyafunyanwayo kunye ne ngokwesiqhelo nezinye izinto gametogamiya eukaryotic, ie ekuhlanganisweni gametes ezizodwa.

Classic iimpawu i- kunye heterogamy na ulele, ifumaneka kuphela fungi asezantsi - Chytridiomycota. Classical oogamy fungi non-amadoda alwa nawe. Nakuba oomycetes, ngoko ebizwa ngenxa oogamy wabo ukuba abe gametes eyindoda (amadlozi okanye spermatsiev) kunye iqanda oogonia, ndayihluthwa eludongeni iseli kwaye igama oosferami. Kwezinye iintlobo ze marsupials amakhowa uye oogonium (kodwa ngaphandle gametes basethyini ingabo amaqanda, okt emele gametangium), kodwa akukho antheridium, ukuze kwezichumiso lwenzeka gifoy yawo. Abanye askomitsegov nomngundo namhlwa bazidiomitsetnyh na gametes eyindoda - spermatsii, kodwa akukho gametes ababhinqileyo, kwaye maxa wambi gametangia (spermatogamiya). Kwezinye iintlobo spermatsii na umsebenzi ezimbini - i gametes inkunzi imbewu maqanda (conidia).

isiphelo

iimpawu ngokubanzi umngundo: yokutya nokuphefumla, ibihlungu lokwanda - yonke umdla omkhulu kubathandi indalo. Yeyona eziphilayo ezizodwa ukuba akukho izityalo okanye izilwanyana. Ivula yencwadi enesihloko esithi "iimpawu ngokubanzi nomngundo" (Grade 7), uya kufumanisa ukuba bakha ubukumkani eyahlukileyo. Okunye izikumkani - nezilwanyana, izityalo, iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya. Komxholo othi "iimpawu ngokubanzi umngundo kunye nexabiso" ezibekwe textbooks kweli nqaku - nje ulwazi olusisiseko ngazo. Kuzo zaye zabhalwa iincwadi lonke, ngoko inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yabo yokufunda kunokuba elide kakhulu. Enye izihloko ezininzi umdla ngokubona wethu, nguye iimpawu jikelele zomngundo. • Umngundo - enye kakhulu kwiintlobo zehlabathi eziphilayo. Yena wabonakala million 200. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye zikhula ehlabathini namhlanje. icandelo Vula na incwadi yesikolo "Ubukumkani ifungi. iimpawu Jikelele" (Grade 6), kwaye uya kufumana inkcazelo engakumbi ngalo.