Xa USSR iwa? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Ukuwa yiSoviet Union sikhatshwe inkqubo sokonakalisa inkqubo kwisakhiwo kwezoqoqosho, ubume bentlalo, amacandelo zopolitiko nezentlalo zelizwe. Xa USSR kokuwa, republic-15 yafumana inkululeko. Le nkqubo sikhatshwa "kuluhlu sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (uNobhala Jikelele we CPSU Central Committee) isaziso ukupheliswa komsebenzi ngesithuba. Wacacisa isigqibo sakhe 'ingqalelo umgaqo-nkqubo ". Republic, iBhunga yamkela isibhengezo. Olu xwebhu ibango ngokusesikweni ukupheliswa ubukho USSR (1991, Disemba 26).

Izizathu ekuweni

De kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali akakwazi ukuza kwisivumelwano malunga yintoni kanye ezidale le nkqubo kube lula ukuthintela imeko kakhulu kwaye intshabalalo yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. Kwiminyaka eSoviet Union kwaba ngenkuthalo ukuthotywa kwe abasemagunyeni, baphawula ukuguga kakhulu amalungu aphezulu le yunithi. Kufuneka ke ukuba ubudala umndilili abantu Politburo, ngonyaka we-80 yaba iilitha 75. Okokuqala, oko kwakhokelela "Ixesha umngcwabo." Emva koko, le yunithi liphezulu Gorbachev wangena. UMikhail Gorbachev waba ngokukhawuleza azuze amandla wayitwabulula nempembelelo yayo ngenxa eselula kakhulu ke ngoko. Ngelo xesha lokunyulwa kwakhe njengoNobhala Jikelele yesihlanu yena 54. Kwiminyaka eSoviet Union iphawulwe i monocentrism ezizodwa kokwenza naziphi na izigqibo. Eli lungelo unembinana nje kuphela "iziko federal" - Moscow. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kwakhokelela ukulahleka kwexesha kunye nokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo nezisombululo. Ngako oko, le meko lukhokelele ekugxekweni elibukhali kwimimandla. Abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuba amandla uqhuba baba notyekelo wobuzwe eziye zenzeka kweli lizwe. Xa USSR kokuwa, zobuzwe ziye lalonyukile. neentlanga ngokucacile lowu injongo yabo ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho zabo kunye nenkcubeko. Phakathi izizathu ekuweni umnxeba kunye nobunkokheli engathethekiyo. Iinkokheli esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi bafuna ukuba bahlukane olulawulayo evela kurhulumente kazwelonke, kwaye sebenzisa yentando ukuba Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich wanikela. Ngazo obekumele ukuba atshabalalise le nkqubo karhulumente ohlangeneyo kuluntu waye wazinabisa izinto.

kozinzo kwezoqoqosho

ESoviet Union phantsi Gorbachev, njengoko, eneneni, kwaye phambi kwakhe, ephawulwe ukungalingani kwabantu kwinkqubo ebanzi yezoqoqosho. Oku kwabangela:

1. Ukunqongophala okusisigxina yempahla yabathengi.
2. Ukwanda backwardness lobuchule kuzo zonke iinkalo zamashishini lemveliso.

Kutshanje kwakunokwenzeka ukuba abuyekeze iindlela vivo kuphela kakhulu eninzi. Ngowe-1987, i oluntsonkothileyo imiqathango iye yamkelwa. It was ngokuba "Ukukhawuleziswa". Noko ke, ukuze baphumeze oko kusenziwa kwakungenakwenzeka, ngenxa yokunqongophala amathuba ezoqoqosho.

isicwangciso oluninzi

Xa USSR isiqaqa, ukuzithemba kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho yaba belimele. Ngowe-1960-70. indlela ephambili lomzabalazo kunye nokungabi izinto ezithengiweyo phantsi kweemeko isicwangciso iye izakwenziwa izinga ubunzima, ixabiso eliphantsi lula izinto. Uninzi iinkampani abasebenza iiyure ezintathu. Zavelisa izinto ezifanayo okubonakalayo libya. Njengoko indlela kuphela nokuvavanya ukusebenza iinkampani eyenziwa amagama oluninzi. Ngenxa yoko, umgangatho imveliso eyenziweyo eSoviet Union, uwile eqolo.

ukunganeliseki ethandwayo

Wabangela aphazamiseka rhoqo iimveliso zokutya. A nesimo etsolo xesha yayilixesha yokudodobala kunye perestroika. Ukunqongophala waphawula kwezinye iimveliso essentials kunye nokusetyenziswa ixesha elide (toilet paper, iifriji, njalo njalo). Eli lizwe wenze izithintelo ezinzima kunye nezithinteli, nayo iba nefuthe elibi kwi isimo iindimbane. Umgangatho wokuphila uhlala kuhlala kunye yavuma. abasebenzi bezolawulo wazama ukubamba up namazwe angaphandle, kodwa kwezi meko zoqoqosho, baba aziphumelelanga.

lithi Artificial ukuvalwa

Ukuya kwiminyaka-th 80. kwacaca bonke abantu. Kwi-USSR, inkqubo mandatory lokukhupha visa yaqaliswa ukuhamba aphesheya. Amaxwebhu afunekayo ukuze kuyiwe lorhulumente wenkqubo yobuSoshali. Xa ngumbuso izithintelo ezininzi eziqatha ukuphulaphula yelizwi lotshaba, cwaka, iinkcukacha ezininzi malunga iingxaki lwangaphakathi kwezopolitiko, umgangatho ophezulu wobomi kwamanye amazwe. Kumabonwakude yaye ndaba wenza imingcele. Yapapashwa inani imisebenzi iziganeko angafuneki engaziwayo kwimbali eli lizwe, kutyhilwa ubungqina ukuthintelwa wopapasho. Ngenxa yoko, kulandele impindezelo abaninzi, Novocherkassk massacre, uvukelo anti-yiSoviet kwisixeko Krasnodar.

crisis

Xa USSR kokuwa, okuqhubekayo ukunqongophala kwempahla ifikelele iphezulu. Ukususela ngo-1985, abasebenzi bezolawulo baqala ngokutsha. Ngenxa zaquqa ngenkqubo yezopolitiko yabemi. Baqalisa ukwenza omkhulu, ubuzwe ezinkulu kubandakanywa nemibutho kunye neentshukumo. kwenziwa isaziso ngokusesikweni ngo-1898 ukuba ntlekele wabetha elo lizwe. Ngo-1991 th zentengiso ezamahala yaphela phantse zonke iimveliso, ngaphandle isonka. phantse zonke iingingqi Ukwabiwa ngohlobo amatikiti iye yaziswa. Ngowe-1991, izinga lokusweleka ligqithe izinga lokuzalwa. Yaba nengxaki wokuqala abhalwe ngokusemthethweni yezibalo.

"Cold War"

Kulaa minyaka yokugqibela yocalu eSoviet Union iphawulwe imisebenzi esebenzayo ukungazinzi lwamazwe aseNtshona. Yaba njengenxalenye "imfazwe abandayo." Loku- sakhatshwa 'arhente' impembelelo 'ngaphakathi izixhobo lolawulo lizwe. Le mbono sabonakala ezinye iinkcukacha eyenziwe, ngokukodwa, kukho inani iintloko yangaphambili iKGB kunye nentshukumo wamaKomanisi.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev wazama ukugcina yonke imikhosi ye-USSR. Noko ke, lokhu ekwenzeni oko kunyulwa May 29, 1990 isikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo we Ephakamileyo RFSR Yeltsin. Russia wawuyinxalenye USSR njenge republic. Yena wayemele uninzi abemi Union. I-Central Authorities weRiphablikhi Russian kwakunye All-Union, baba eMoscow. Kodwa kubonwa zamabanga. Emva konyulo Yeltsin RFSR baqala ukugxila isibhengezo kumongami i-Union, kwakunye ukuqatshelwa geqe kwezinye Union nasemazweni yayo elizimeleyo. Njengoko kwisikhundla nguSihlalo omkhosi, uye wenza ukusekwa RFSR isithuba sikaMongameli. June 12, 1991 waphumelela iimviwo zokuphela okuthandwayo. Ngoko ke waba ngumongameli wokuqala Russia.

mdibi

USSR bafikelela ntlekele zinzulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ukuze alondoloze Union ukurhoxiswa yayo kulo ndawo lenzeka yiKomiti State of Emergency. Lo mzimba owayekho-18 ukuya kwi-21 Agasti 1991. IKomiti Emergency kuquka amagosa kunye namagosa karhulumente karhulumente ezazichasa iinguqulelo perestroika kwenziwa ngokwenza owayengumongameli Union. Amalungu eKomiti ephikisana kwenguqu lizwe sanukuyenza indawo Confederation entsha. Forces, intloko leyo Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, engavumi ukuthobela umzimba kwakhiwa, bezibiza ngokuba imisebenzi anti-siseko. Injongo yale lika ukususa Gorbachev ukusuka ngumongameli, ulondolozo ukuthembakala eSoviet Union, ukuvimbela ulongamo zeRiphablikhi. Iziganeko zale mihla, obizwa ngokuba "i-Agasti putsch." Ngenxa yokusebenza lika le nto noxinzeleko kunye namalungu ayo wabanjwa.

isiphelo

Xa inkqubo sokonakalisa i-USSR kwi wakhanyela kuqala, uze emva koko zaye ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza iingxaki zoluntu Soviet. Utshisa isikali bafa butywala, likhoboka iziyobisi, oonongogo. Society ke kabukhali izaphuli, okwanda uqoqosho isithunzi. Eli xesha kananjalo iphawulwe linani ntlekele technogenic (eChernobyl ingozi, udubulo irhasi kunye nabanye). Kwi imeko ngamazwe kukho iingxaki. Ukwala ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi zangaphakathi kwamanye amazwe kwakhokelela ekwehleni okukhulu le kolawulo lobuKomanisi pro-yiSoviet kwiMpuma Yurophu ngo-1989, umzekelo, ePoland, leh Valensa ifumana igunya (intloko owayesakuba "solidarity" zemanyano zabasebenzi), eCzechoslovakia - uVáclav Havel (owayesakuba ophikisana) . E Romania ndawonye shift kwenzeka kunye nokusetyenziswa amandla. Ngokutsho okusisiphumo se-sokugweba, umongameli Ceauşescu kunye nomfazi wakhe wadutyulwa. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho ukuwa nkqubo yiSoviet, wadala emva Second World War.