Wempi Italian "Roma": iimpawu, kwizibuko ekhaya, ukulwa nkonzo. regia Marina

Roma - wempi (wempi) kuhlobo Littorio, lowo yinxalenye Royal Navy of Italy. Le nqanawa ke ogama lakhe behlonipha kwikomkhulu Italian, kwaye elesithathu kuthotho inqanawa. Phezu kwako ekugqityweni ngokunempumelelo kwazo zonke iimvavanyo, zange ikwazile ukungqina phezu edabini. Namhlanje sijonga imbali yendalo, ubomi kunye nokufa wempi "Roma", kwakunye neempawu zawo zobugcisa.

isishwankathelo

Linkor "Roma" na uhlobo lwesithathu isitya Littorio. Kule eyahluke ukusuka ezinye iinqanawa series. Le wempi ayaba nako ukuthatha indima ebonakalayo iingxabano namazibuko kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ke, loo nto ithathwa ngokuba liqela kuyo ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, ngehlobo lika-1943, esi sikhephe phantsi ekuhlaselweni moya US. Okwesibini, xa inqanawa iza kudlula kwi anti-uHitler namahlakani zokusebenzisana, umkhosi umoya waseJamani ukuze ayonakalise.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, le wempi igama imbeko kwikomkhulu Italian - isixeko eRoma. Ngaphandle kwakhe, ngokuba neempahla ezimbini ngaphezulu imbeko waseRoma: awahlali vehicles ngo-1865 kwaye inqanawa ngo-1907.

Ukwakhiwa nokuhlolwa

Ngokwesi sicwangciso se-Ofisi yoMphathiswa loLwandle Italy 1935, i Royal Navy kuye imfazwe, kuphela imifuziselo zokuqala ezimbini wempi Littorio uhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ebusika ka-1935, i-Chief of Staff le-Italian Navy, Admiral Cavagnari wanikela Benito uMussolini walala neempahla ezimbini ngaphezulu. UMussolini ekuqaleni waphika ingcamango, kodwa wanika imvume kwakhe ngoJanuwari 1937.

September 18, 1938 kule ndawo yokwakhela Cantieri del Ruiniti Adriatico e Trieste yasekwa wempi "Roma". NgoJuni 9, 1940, oko kwehliswa emanzini, kunye Juni 14, 1942 yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo inqanawa. Xa kuthelekiswa ne uVittorio Veneto - la manqaku imodeli eyandulela le wempi kuye kwaphuculwa indlela. Isitya yanyuswa ubungakanani kunye nokwanda kwezikhali freeboard: 24 endaweni imodeli imipu 32 olufakwe Breda.

izindlu

wempi Italian wafumana umzimba evuthelweyo, ubude (240 m) mkhulu ububanzi (32.9 m) phantse ezisixhenxe kunye namaxesha nesiqingatha. Ububanzi kathathu kwenze (9.7 m), kwaye inani block kwaba 0.57. Igobhogobho yayahlulwe amagumbi manzi 23 nge-22 izahlulelo eziphambili ezinqamlezayo manzi. Le lezindlu iperi ube singapheliyo: kumgangatho ephezulu nesezantsi, kwaye forecastle namaqonga ezintathu, uhlala nje inxalenye ubude benqanawa. Kuyo ubude inqanawa urhuqe isinqe kabini. Barbet phakathi 1 neenqaba 3 ukuba zincediswa umaleko wesithathu. isitya ukubana Standard limalunga nama-40, yaye kufuneka itotali yawo - malunga 45 kweetoni eziliwaka. Ukubana imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo manqaku ukuba zohluke m 500.

lebhola

Olona phawu iphambili Zempi iklasi Littorio waye ehamba iinkqubo zokhuselo Pugliese. Kwakugcwele cylinder ezimbini concentric, acandacanda isahlulo kwamanzi phakathi Barbet 1 kanye 3rd iinqaba eziphambili abanjalo zokudubula. Ngokutsho izibalo iinjineli, ukumelana ukhuselo kuqhuma kwamanzi eyayilingana ngeekhilogram 350 TNT. Ukuziqhelisa, ukuba kuziswe ukukhuselwa izikhombisi ezinjalo baye basilela, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba amandla aphantsi obuchopho riveted. Ububanzi ugcino bead yayisukela ukusuka kuma-70 ukuya kuma-280 mm. Individual isitya elements waba ubukhulu ndawo zilandelayo:

1. ukuma Main - 90-162 mm.
2. ukuma Upper - 45 mm.
3. Nenqaba komlilo eziphambili - 200-350 mm.
4. Ukugawula - 280-350 mm.

Power Plant

Littorio iklasi inqanawa kufakwa ezine asibhozo boilers kunye turbines, amandla lilonke leyo 128 ngaphezu kokuba enjini eliwaka. Kwanele ukuba ophephela ezine ndikuchithachithe inqanawa ukuya ngesantya amaqhina-30. Range inqanawa ngesantya avareji amaqhina 14 uhambo phantse 5000 weekhilomitha.

Ngenxa yoko, ngokwemiqathango umgangatho ukhwele, le wempi "Littorio" uhlobo baba phakathi kakuhle ixesha labo eklasini. Ngokutsho zehambo iinqanawa ngesantya ukuba akhuphisane uhlobo American komphanda Iowa kunye French neenqanawa Richelieu. Noko ke, ngokutsho Zempi Italian ingami lebanga izihlandlo eziliqela obuphantsi abadlali ekhankanyiweyo. inqanawa "Roma" ayikwazanga inkqubo amafutha ngenxa amandla ezincinane ukuzibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo.

crew

wempi crew yayiquka amagosa 92, 122 NCOs 134 1506 oomatiloshe starshina. Ukuba wenza njengoko isitya flagship ke, eli qela yongeza amagosa (ukusuka abantu 11 ukuya 38), kwakunye namadoda amakhulu kunye oomatiloshe (abantu-20 ukuya kuma-30 ukusuka).

izikhali

Le wempi "Roma" bexhobe ezi zixhobo:

1. 65 Breda Mod (20 mm).
2. 54 Breda Mod (37 mm).
3. 50 Mod (90 mm).
4. 55 Mod (152 mm).
5. 50 Ansaldo Mod (381 mm).

Kwindawo yegama emva igama ubukhulu kubonisiwe.

ofisi

Benito uMussolini angayalelwa ukuba ukwenza nayiphi rearmament yomkhosi wamanzi de 1933. Ngowe-1933, le Zempi omdala Conte di Cavour waya maxesha, kunye neempahla ezintsha kunyaka emibini elandelayo, eyaziwa ngokuba uVittorio Veneto kunye Littorio babekwa. NgoMeyi kunyaka ozayo iSebe ekuqaleni Marine ukulungiselela inkqubo seminyaka emihlanu se-zokwakha yomkhosi wamanzi, nto leyo equka ulwakhiwo Zempi 4, cruisers 4, 3 abathwali moya-54 ii nkwili.

Ekupheleni kuka-1935, uMussolini efunyenwe Admiral Domenico Cavagnari isindululo ukwakha sikhokelo yale program, ezinye iindidi ezimbini wempi Littorio, ukuze ukuphucula amathuba abo kwaphikisayo ukuya uhlaselo manyano Franco-British kunokwenzeka. Kwakumalunga isitya Roma kunye Impero. Benito uMussolini akazange athathe izigqibo ngequbuliso malunga nokwakhiwa elizayo Zempi, kodwa ekuqaleni 1937 emva kokuba onke yamkele isindululo Cavagnari. Ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, iiprojekthi iinqanawa sele ziphunyezwe ngokusesikweni, kwaye nemali ukwakhiwa kwayo iguqulelwe abantu abafanelekileyo.

Agasti 21, 1942 inqanawa "Roma" wafika kwizibuko of Toronto waza wajoyina ukwakhiwa eli candelo lesithoba. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba wempi inxaxheba ukusetyenziswa kunye ubavelele iziseko ezahlukeneyo emkhosini, kwakungekho lamaphulo yokulwa kwakhe. Isizathu kukuba i-Italian Navy ngamandla ukugcina amafutha. November 12, 1942 inqanawa ezifana Roma, Littorio kunye uVittorio Veneto, baye bafudukela ukusuka eToronto Naples, ekhawulelana Allied ukuhlaselwa North Afrika. Endleleni iinqanawa bahlasela ngwenya yaseBritani HMS Umbra, leyo, Noko ke, akuzange kubangele kuwo nawuphi na umonakalo.

Ukuhlaselwa baseMelika

Disemba 4, xa America baqalisa ayihlasela ngokupheleleyo-iscale Naples, ngethemba lokuba atshabalalise Italian Navy, omnye Cruiser yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo yaye ziye zonakaliswa ezimbini nzulu. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, iinqanawa Roma, Littorio kunye uVittorio Veneto kwakhona baya kufuna indawo ngakumbi enoxolo. Ngeli xesha, le ndawo yaba kwizibuko La Spezia (Italy). Kufunyenwe ubume flagships isitya Royal Navy. De Epreli 1943 kwizibuko La Spezia (Italy) idlule ngezenzo emkhosini. Kodwa ezolile olwaludiliziwe ngoAprili 14, kwaye inqanawa "Roma" okwesihlandlo sokuqala beza phantsi enamandla ukuhlasela emoyeni abaseMelika. April 19 airstrike liphindwe. Inqanawa wasinda yaye abazange bafumane naluphi yokulimala.

Juni 5, 1943, inqanawa zange ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lomoya le namahlakani. Kulo, kunye B-17 wona iqokobhe ezimbini weentonga lihlaba zalishumi 908 ngalinye kg. Enye kuwa kwababuleweyo kumgangatho forecastle kwaye elwandle malunga 222-th isakhelo. Oluwe emanzini, nto uqhuma kufuphi kwicala lasekunene, 32 ^m2 umonakalo inxalenye yayo kwamanzi. Amanzi eyangena kummandla ukusuka th 221 ukuya 226 isakhelo th. Iqokobhe yesibini liqhuma amanzi kwicala lasekhohlo, isakhelo malunga th-200 nezonakeleyo ² 30 m bead kwamanzi. Amanzi ukuhlasela le ndawo kunye th 198 ukuya 207 izakhelo th. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-2350 inqanawa ndafumana ton olwandle. Akazange izike nje kuba kuwa abazange neziqhushumbisi weentonga-ihlaba.

Night Juni 23 wempi yahlaselwa iziqhushumbisi ezimbini ngaphezulu zasemoyeni. Apholile trial yokuqala yemibhobho ezakhokelela izikhukula ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Iqokobhe yesibini wabetha endplate wesithathu 381 mm uqoqo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni umonakalo kancinane kwizakhiwo ezikufutshane. Ekubeni kuwa hit iindawo zaye kakuhle vehicles, umonakalo omkhulu ukuze inqanawa leyo ifunyenwe. Nangona kunjalo, lo port yokubhaliswa inqanawa yabo iye kwakhona zatshintsha, njengoko kwakunjalo ezifuna ukulungiswa. June 1 inqanawa bafika e Genoa, kwaye ngomhla we-13 Agasti, kwakhona wabuyela La Spezia.

Ukufa wempi

September 9, 1943 phantsi kweflegi ye Admiral Bergamini wempi "Roma" yakhululwa elwandle kwi intloko fleet Italian, ngelithi eya Salerno ukuba ukuhlasela amabutho emanzini. kungekudala abavela watshintsha ikhondo amabombo Malta. Scouts German ngokukhawuleza kutyhilwa iminkqangiyelo namahlakani abo angaphambili, yaye kungekudala, xa izithuthi Italian wasondela Gulf Sardinian, moya waseJamani Dornier Do 217, nto leyo bexhobe Ziyaqhubeka glide enzima controlled radio-"Fritz-X", baba bagidime baxhoba Zempi. AmaTaliyane akazange athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, lo moya baba phezulu ngokwaneleyo, yaye ukuze ubone nomfuziselo lwabo Yayingekho. Kwaye, okwesibini, - Bergamini Ndiyaqonda namahlakani iinqwelomoya efike yokugubungela emoyeni butho.

Izicwangciso isiJamani na encedisayo, yaye 15:37 baza baqalisa ukuya kuhlasela Zempi Littorio ne Roma. Ngenxa yokuba iinqanawa nangoko waqalisa ngamaqhinga ozakudidekisa nabaqhubi, wakwazi ukuba ukuphazamisa uhlaselo lokuqala. Noko ke, imizuzu eli-15 kamva ukuqhushumba hit kwinqanawa Littorio, kufuphi inkqubo zokudubula, kunye nezinye - ekunene emkhombeni "Roma".

Bomb "Fritz-X" wabetha kumgangatho ekunene forecastle, kwi kwesihlandlo 100 no 108 izakhelo. Yena waphuncuka matheku lokhuselo zasemanzini liqhuma emanzini, ekunene phantsi wenqanawa. I-dubulo yakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni esinzulu inxalenye kwamanzi lomkhombe, yena wazaliswa ngokukhawuleza olwandle. Xa into yokuba imizuzu lakhukuliswa: igumbi ngasemva injini, isityalo amandla wesithathu, kwakunye amagumbi kwibhoyila yesixhenxe neyesibhozo. Ngenxa umonakalo iintambo zombane Ezomva wesiphaluka ukwenzeka, yaye emva kwabo - umlilo zombane.

At 16:02 Regia Marina ekugqibeleni baphulukana wempi "Roma": Le ibhombu yesibini wabetha forecastle phakathi 123 126 izakhelo, waphuncuka kumgangatho liqhuma kwigumbi phambili injini. Iqale umlilo enkulu okwabangela detonation of izisele zokudubula ngeempumlo. Idangatye, yozigqabhuza evela Barbet isithuba sesibini nenqaba ende 381 mm ukuya amashumi ezininzi mitha, nasenqabeni silidle eyaphukileyo bewile emanzini. Emva uthotho udubulo amakhulu igobhogobho waqhekeza malunga superstructure isaphetha. Uluhlu ukuba lomkhumbi, oko nengozi, yaza yazika.

Ukususela oomatiloshe 1849, ukuba imini ababekhwele kweso "Roma", wasinda 596. kuphela Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, amagosa eziliqela wahlala phezu kwibhodi kunye neentsapho zabo. Zamob Littorio waba luckier - yena, ubuncinane, akazange kurhaxwa. Xa izikhitshana ukuhlasela, i abavela nangoko wacela Malta isibonelelo umoya, ukuba ziye zabukulwa: Allied moya ababandakanyekayo inshorensi air ukubetha emanzini xa di Salerno.

Emva kokufa wempi "Roma" umyalelo we-butho wathabatha phezu Admiral Ewe Zara. Yena wayezimisele kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na lekhefu ukuya yiMalta. Ekugqibeleni, icholwa abaseleyo Roma oomatiloshe baphume emkhombeni, lo Cruiser Attilio Regolo, 3 abagungxuli babasa inqanawa waya ePort of Mahon.

Iziphumo zenkonzo

Inqanawa iye amathuba elungileyo, kodwa kwafuneka kukhonza kwi Italian lwaphela ezingama iinyanga 15. Ngeli xesha wenza zakwa ezimbini abalishumi elwandle, kodwa khange inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na umsebenzi yokulwa. Xa iyonke, umkhumbi neekhilomitha 2492. Elwandle kokuba kuqhutywa iiyure 133 of nokubaleka. Ngeli xesha wachitha iitoni 3320 zamafutha. iintsuku 63 umkhombe kulungiswa.

NgoJuni 2012, kukho irobhothi ehamba iPluto Palla wafumana ngozi. Le yi-kubunzulu yeemitha 1000, malunga 30 yeekhilomitha ukusuka kunxweme kumantla ESardinia. September 10, 2012 kwindawo apho Roma yazika, kukho umsitho isikhumbuzo yayiququzelelwe awahlali Italian.

isiphelo

wempi Italian (wempi) "Roma" ngamandla kakhulu yaye babe empahleni obalaseleyo, kodwa, ngelishwa, ibali lakhe beziza phambi kokuba aqale. Mhlawumbi bayahlelwa uthiwe natywinwa kude ngexesha Benito uMussolini ngenqaba. Noko ke, imbali izele Kwiimeko apho iziphumo ezibalaseleyo yabonisa kanye ubuchule ukuba akazange afune ukuba bathathe kwibhodi.