War, kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad. Zingaphi iintsuku baqhubeka kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad? I abanya eLeningrad: Iminyaka

Umnqweno thatha iLeningrad nje bamsukela onke umyalelo waseJamani. Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngayo umcimbi, nokuba zingaphi iintsuku kwafa okuqhubekayo eLeningrad. Kwacetywa yimikhosi eziliqela, simanyene phantsi umyalelo of Field Marshal UWilhelm von Leeb kwaye ngokuhlangeneyo njengokuba "North", ukuba tyhala amajoni Soviet ukusuka aseBalti aze aqalise kubamba iLeningrad. Kulandela impumelelo yalo msebenzi, abahlaseli waseJamani wayeza ithuba omkhulu ukuba bahlukane ngephanyazo ukuya ngasemva nomkhosi, kwaye ushiye eMoscow ngaphandle ukhuselo.

I abanya eLeningrad. usuku

Ngokuthinjwa iLeningrad yi amaJamani ayeza ngokuzenzekelayo bazisunduze eSoviet Union of kwiBaltic Fleet, nto leyo eziliqela amaxesha lalibi imeko qhinga. Ukuba nokwenzeka yokudala ngaphambili entsha ukuziphendulela eMoscow kule meko akubanga ngenxa yonke imikhosi sele isetyenziswe. amabutho eSoviet akakwazanga ngengqondo ukwamkela iwuthimbe lo mzi lotshaba, kwaye impendulo yalo mbuzo: "? ziye Zingaphi iintsuku baqhubeka kuvalwe iindlela Leningrad" Bekuya kuba eyahlukileyo. Ke kaloku kwathi, ukuba kwenzeka njani oku.

July 10, 1941 amaJamani bahlasela iLeningrad, ukongama imikhosi yazo sekucaca. Bahlaseli, ngaphandle kumacandelo nomkhosi-32, waba itanki 3, 3 njini Division kunye nenkxaso omkhulu mboni. Kule mfazwe, amajoni aseJamani yenqaba phambili kumantla yaye emntla-ntshona, apho kwakukho abantu eninzi (total namacandelo 31 kunye imikhosi 2). Kulo mzekelo, i abavikeli babengenayo nayiphi amatanki, akukho zixhobo, akukho iziqhushumbisi, kunye moya konke amaxesha-10 ngaphantsi kunolo abahlaseli.

I abanya iLeningrad: ibali kokuhlaselwa zokuqala umkhosi waseJamani

Linegalelo kakhulu umgudu, amaJamani ayegqatse emva umkhosi Soviet ukuya aseBalti kunye yahlasela iLeningrad ngeendlela ezimbini. amabutho Finnish waya kudlula Karelia kunye moya isiJamani yayigxile ababekweso sixeko nemimandla. amajoni Soviet wabanqanda kwangaphambili utshaba ngandlela zonke aze ayeka umkhosi Finnish kufutshane Karelian Isthmus.

I-German Army "North" wahamba lohlaselo kwi miba mibini: lushskomu kunye Novgorod-Chudovo. Eli Candelo ephambili ukothuka watshintsha amaqhinga kunye bafudukela eLeningrad. Kwakhona waya esixekweni umoya amandla waseJamani, nto leyo iphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo eSoviet. Noko ke, nangona yokuba Aviation yiSoviet ngeendlela ezininzi nganto elutshabeni, wawakhumbula elibala phezu iLeningrad kuphela iinqwelomoya ezimbalwa ngamaNazi. Ngo-Agasti, imikhosi yaseJamani wasityhobozela ku Shimskaya, kodwa amajoni Red Army ukunqanda utshaba kwi Staraya Russa. Oku kancinane kwadodobalisa phantsi intshukumo lwamaNazi nkqu luphumelele ekusongeleni kwimeko yazo.

Ukutshintsha indlela yempembelelo

umyalelo lobuFasi batshintsha ulwalathiso phantsi Staraya Russa wathumela amaqela amabini ezinenjini, zixhaswa yi ekuhlaseleni. Ngo-Agasti, ukuba isixeko sithinjiwe Novgorod kunye Chudovo namaculo kaloliwe ukuvimbile. German High Umyalelo ugqibe kwelokuba adibanise kufuphi Lake Ladoga nempi yakhe yonke Finnish, ihamba ngale ndlela. Sele kuka-Agasti, amabutho esitha ukuvimbile zonke iindlela ezikhokelela eLeningrad, yaye-8 Septemba isixeko sithinjiwe lutshaba ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni. Hlala uqhagamshelana nehlabathi olwalungaphandle kwenzeka kuphela emoyeni okanye emanzini. Ngenxa yoko, fascists iLeningrad "kungqinga", waqalisa bechuba isixeko zamajoni. Kubekho zokuqhushumbisa rhoqo emoyeni.
Ngokungamfumani ulwimi kunye Stalin ekhusela umba eyinkunzi, Septemba 12 wathumela eLeningrad zhukov kunye ingeniso inyathelo ukuze kukhuselwe isixeko. Kodwa yi-Oktobha 10, ngenxa yale meko zinzima emkhosini phantsi Moscow zhukov Kwafuneka ukuba ndiye apho, kwaye iqela uye wachongwa uMajor sakhe General Fedyuninsky.

Hitler waqhekeza nezinye iinkalo amaqela eyongezelelweyo ngexesha elifutshane ngokupheleleyo ukufaka iLeningrad abatshabalalise abantu Soviet. Umlo umzi yathatha iintsuku 871. Nangona isibakala sokuba kwangaphambili utshaba wamiswa abantu balapha kwasala kancane yobomi nendlela yokufa. yonke imihla isitokhwe Ukutya baba mbalwa kakhulu, kwaye kweziqhushumbisi nomoya sihlasela aziziphelisanga.

wempilo

Ukususela ngosuku lokuqala kwafa enye kuphela indlela injongo qhinga - i-Road of Life - ukushiya umzi ongqingiweyo. Yawela Ladonezhskoe chibi, oko na ukuba uphelelwa amabhinqa iLeningrad kunye nabantwana. Kwakhona kule ndlela kulo mzi ifumene ukutya, amayeza kunye emthethweni. Kodwa ukutya nangoku akwanelanga, iivenkile zazingenanto, kwaye kufuphi yokubhaka okuqokelela inani elikhulu labantu ukuze bafumane amatikiti zakhe pheko. "Road of Life" waba mxinwa kwaye rhoqo phantsi iliso amaNazi, kodwa enye indlela ngaphandle kwedolophu yayingekabikho.

indlala

Kungekudala saqala ukukhenkcisa, neenqanawa kunye namalungiselelo abazange bakwazi ukufikelela iLeningrad. Esi sixeko yaqalisa lwendlala. Iinjineli kunye nabasebenzi izityalo labhalwayo 300 grams isonka kunye nabantu eziqhelekileyo iLeningrad - g kuphela 150 Kodwa ngoku umgangatho isonka saba sibi kakhulu - ukuba umxube yerabha iintsalela lesonka esidala kunye nezinye ukungcola ngobubi bawo. Lilinye kumnqumla. Kwaye xa kubanda wafika thabatha mane, iLeningrad ngexesha kwafa wahlala kungekho manzi kwaye ngaphandle kombane. Kodwa ke izityalo ukuveliswa yezixhobo nezikhali wayesebenza non-stop, nakumaxesha anzima ezifana kweso sixeko.

AmaJamani babeqinisekile ukuba sixeko asiyi kuhlala ixesha elide kwiimeko ezinjalo ezoyikekayo, wayo bekulindeleke imihla ngemihla. I abanya eLeningrad, qala umhla apho, ngokutsho amaNazi, kwaye bekufanele ukuba umhla lokufakwa komzi, eba umyalelo unpleasantly wothuka. Abantu musani Sisenokudimazeka kunye inkxaso omnye komnye kunye abavikeli zabo ba- nako. Kodwa bona babengaliqondi uza kuphulukana emhlabeni kutshaba. Nasekuxinweni yayitsala, abahlaseli umoya ngokuthe etsha. City wasilela thatha, yaye isimo saba nzima ngakumbi ngosuku ngalunye amanyathelo yabanqolobi. Army Group "North" wayalelwa ukuba ilungiswe ngoko nangoko, kwaye ehlotyeni, xa ukusekelwa beza ukuqalisa ukwenza.

Imizamo yokuqala ekukhululeni isixeko

Ngowe-1942, imikhosi yaseSoviet wenza iinzame eziliqela ekukhululeni umzi, kodwa qheke ukuqapha ka iLeningrad zange isebenze ngaphandle. Nangona zonke iinzame lwaphela ukusilela, kodwa ekhubekisayo buthathaka indawo yotshaba anika ithuba ukuzama ukuphakamisa ukuqapha kwakhona. Le nkqubo ithatha Voroshilov kunye zhukov. January 12, 1944 nabaphumi-mkhosi eSoviet kunye nenkxaso kwiBaltic Fleet Baqala ekhubekisayo. Ukulwa Heavy kwanyanzeleka utshaba ukuba asebenzise onke amandla akhe. amagalelo enamandla macala onke ngenkani imikhosi kaHitler yaqalisa nibuye umva, yaye ngoJuni, utshaba aqhutyelwe ngenxa km 300 ukusuka eLeningrad. Yaphula Ukungqingwa iLeningrad yaba nkulu kunye isiqalo esitsha emfazweni.

ubude ukuvimba

Imbali akazi lo- elide zokungqinga zomkhosi loo lali, eLeningrad. Indlela nobusuku ezininzi ixhala ecanda abahlali njengomzi ongqingiweyo, ukuba imihla emininzi ... abanya iLeningrad yathatha iintsuku 871. Abantu baye ubuhlungu kunye ukubandezeleka okukhulu, kuya kuba yanele kulo lonke ihlabathi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane! I abanya iLeningrad - iminyaka, ngokwenene bamagazi mnyama wonke. Waphulwa yi kunikezelwa nenkalipho amajoni Soviet abo bakulungele ukunikela ubomi babo ngenxa kwilizwe labo. Ekupheleni kwaloo minyaka ngembali kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo abaninzi baba nomdla kuphela into enye: Kwenzeka ukuphepha neembila okhohlakeleyo kangaka? Mhlawumbi akunjalo. UHitler nje waphupha imini xa athathe ilifa kwiBaltic iFleet ukuvala indlela eya Murmansk kunye iNgelosi, apho ukusekelwa ufika nomkhosi. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba bayile imeko kwangaphambili kunye kancinci ukuze balungiselele kuyo? "Abanya iLeningrad - ibali ubuqhawe kunye negazi" - ukuba ingachazwa eli xesha ezoyikekayo. Kodwa makhe sijonge izizathu ngenxa apho usizi wajika.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kwafa kunye ezibangela yindlala

Ngowe-1941, ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba, amaNazi wathathwa Shlisselburg. Ngaloo ndlela, Leningrad yayibiyelwe. Ekuqaleni, abantu eSoviet abazange bakholwe ukuba le meko iya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezilolo hlobo, kodwa ukwesaba zonganyelwe iLeningrad. komele ibhungane, yonke imali sele ukhutshiwe na ebhankini imali kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa, inkoliso yabantu wayelungiselela Zikhelele elide kweso sixeko. Abanye abemi Akwazi ukuba ushiye le dolophu phambi kokuba amaNazi baqalisa inqwaba, Iraq kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa. Kodwa emva kokuba zokungqinga ngokungenalusini, yaqala ngaphandle komzi kuye izakungenzeki. Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi kukho indlala yoyikekayo ngemihla ukuqapha evela yokuba ekuqaleni wayengqingwe Ndazitshisa zonke izitora badayev, kunye nabo koovimba ukutya, ibalwe phezu wonke umzi.

Noko ke, emva kokuba iimviwo onke amaxwebhu ngalo mbandela, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, bada kutshanje kugcinwa kuyimfihlo, kwaye kwacaca ukuba akukho "emachibini 'ukutya kwezi kwiivenkile abazange ekuqaleni. Kwiminyaka imfazwe enzima, ukudaleka reserve qhinga abahlali 3 million ka iLeningrad yaba umsebenzi nje akunakwenzeka. Bendawo anikwe iimveliso elizweni, yaye akukho mfuneko yokuba ngokwaneleyo ukuba ngaphezu kweveki. Ngoko ke, amanyathelo angqingqwa alandelayo zilandelayo: angaziswa pheko, ngokungqongqo esweni bonke oonobumba, wavala sikolo. Ukuba eminye imiyalezo alibonanga attachment okanye itekisi eziqulathwe mood waseKorinte, oko itshatyalaliswa.

Ubomi nokufa agqithe esixeko othandiweyo

I abanya iLeningrad - iminyaka malunga izazinzulu nangoku bexambulisana. Emva kokuba efunde le ncwadi kunye neerekhodi abalondolozwa basinda eli xesha ezoyikekayo, kwaye uzama ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi, "zingaphi iintsuku kwafa gqolo iLeningrad", ababhali-mbali wafumanisa umfanekiso yonke ezoyikekayo. Ngoko nangoko phezu kwabemi bahlasela indlala, ubuhlwempu kunye nokufa. Imali kunye negolide lixabiso ngokupheleleyo. Le urhoxisiwe ecwangcisiweyo ekwindla ekuqaleni kweli-41, kodwa kuphela ngoJanuwari wonyaka ozayo ukuba kwenzeka baphethe kule ndawo esibi inkoliso yabahlali. Kufuphi ezibayeni Umbona apho abantu bafumana umxhesho amakhadi, umgca umgca nje ayikholeleki. Kweli xesha frosty indlala kuphela ngabahlaseli wababulala abantu. I sikali imisiwe irekhodi elide lobushushu eliphantsi. Yavusa qhwa kwemibhobho yamanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza zonke ezikhoyo kwi-mafutha. Inani labemi amasalela engqeleni kungekho manzi, ukukhanya nobushushu. Ingxaki enkulu ukuba abantu baqalisa ingxokolo amabuzi abalambileyo. Badla zonke izinto ukutya babethwele izifo ezoyikekayo. Ngenxa zonke ezi zizathu, le buthathaka buphelile nendlala, nobhubhani, abantu besifa ezitratweni, wona ke nethutyana lokuba bangcwabe kubo.

Ubomi babantu kule ukuqapha

Nangona ubunzulu bale meko, abantu basekuhlaleni babenako ukuxhasa ubomi kuloo mzi. Ukongeza, i-iLeningrad wazinceda Army eSoviet. Nangona iimeko eyoyikekayo, izityalo zange ayeke umsebenzi wabo okomzuzwana yaye phantse zonke bakhululwa iimveliso zomkhosi.

Abantu bayaxhasana enye, ezama ukuba ehlise inkcubeko komzi, iye ukungcola, kubuyisela kwakhona zemidlalo iimyuziyam. Wonke umntu wayefuna ukungqina ukuba abahlaseli ukuba akukho nto niluvuthulule ukholo lwabo nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Owona mzekelo iphawulekayo yokuthanda dolophu lwakhe ekhaya wabonisa kwimbali wobomi "iLeningrad Symphony" winky. Umqambi waqalisa umsebenzi emqolo yakhe njengomzi ongqingiweyo, yaye yaphela ukufudusa. Emva kokugqitywa kwalo bathunyelwa esixekweni, yaye okhestra yesimfoni yasekuhlaleni kudlale symphony bonke eLeningrad. Ngexesha Ekonsathini zokudubula eSoviet akamnikanga nayiphi na ikhefu ukuya esixekweni utshaba moya omnye iziqhushumbisi ayikhange bayaphule iphambili elide lulindelwe. It akazange ayeke ukusebenza, nakunomathotholo lwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo abahlali balapha umpefumlo inkcazelo entsha kwaye usinika ukuthanda ukuze baphile.

Abantwana-amaqhawe. Lomculo AE Obranta

Lo mxholo kakhulu ezibuhlungu ebesoloko umxholo wosindiso abantwana ukubandezeleka. Ukuqala wayethimba iLeningrad hit zonke, kwaye incinane kwindawo yokuqala. A ebuntwaneni ukuyisebenzisa kulo mzi, kukho ubungqina ngokunzulu bonke abantwana Leningrad. Bonke bazibonise phambi koontanga babo njengoko amaNazi ngenkohlakalo ebiweyo ukususela ebuntwaneni labo kunye nexesha akakhathazeki. Kids, Njengabantu abadala, baye bazama ukuba uSuku Victory. Phakathi kwawo kukho abo abangoyikiyo anikele ubomi bakhe ngenxa indlela ngomhla bonwabile. Baye bahlala ezintliziyweni amaqhawe ezininzi. Umzekelo ibali abantwana lomculo umdaniso AE Obranta. Ebusika yokuqala wayengqingwe isambuku abantwana zisusiwe, kodwa, nangona oku, esi sixeko iqashiso labo. Nokuba ngaphambi kwemfazwe, Ingoma kunye Dance lomculo yasekwa kwi Palace of Yobuvangeli. Kwaye ootitshala lemfazwe buhleliyo iLeningrad wafuna abafundi bakhe yangaphambili ikhala ensembles kunye namaqela. Kwakhona wangena kwaye choreographer Obrant. Kubantwana esixekweni wadala iqela umdaniso. Kule mihla ezoyikekayo kunye nabantwana abalambileyo musani uzinike ithuba lokuphumla, kwaye band kancinci ufumana ngeenyawo zakhe. Kwaye nangona into yokuba phambi kokuba ukuzilolonga abantwana abaninzi kwafuneka ukuba bahlangulwe yindlala (ukuba nje akwazi ukuthwala na umthwalo kancane).

Emva kwexesha elithile, iqela sele waqala ukunika Ikonsathi. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1942 baza baqalisa ukubona, bazama nzima kakhulu ukuba bafake yamajoni. Amajoni wajonga aba bantwana nesibindi nako ukuzibamba. Kuba yonke imihla kuvalwe iindlela kweso sixeko, abantwana waquqa kunye eekonsathi zonke iinkampu waza wanikela ngaphezulu kwama-3 amawaka Ikonsathi. Kukho amaxesha xa intetho oluphazanyiswa iziqhushumbisi yaye umoya kuhlasela. Amakhwenkwe Abankwantyanga nkqu ukuya phambili, ukuba onwabe nokuxhasa abavikeli zabo, nangona yangqungqa ngaphandle umculo, ukuze ukutsala ingqalelo amaJamani. Emva kokuba dolophu yakhululwa abahlaseli, bonke abantwana lomculo wawongwa imbasa "Kuba woKhuselo of iLeningrad".

Sesona sisombululo kudala elindelwe!

Kukutshintsha obuxhasa le imikhosi Soviet yenzeka ngowe-1943, yaye amajoni sasilungiselela inkululeko iLeningrad ukusuka bahlaseli German. January 14, 1944 le abavikeli baqalisa kwisigaba sokugqibela lokukhululwa mzi. Utshaba babulala ngesibetho lityumza, waza wavula zonke iindlela ilizwe yokudibanisa iLeningrad kunye nezinye iindawo kweli lizwe. Baya waphuncuka wayethimba iLeningrad January 27, 1944 nabaphumi-Volkhov naseLeningrad ngaphambili. AmaJamani Ndaqalisa athothe, yaye kungekudala baphakamisa ngokupheleleyo ukuqapha.

Eli phepha embi kwimbali weRashiya, nokutshizwa kwegazi labantu kwezigidi ezibini. Last balombutho zidluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwaye uhlala ezintliziyweni zabantu namhlanje. Ke, njengoko iintsuku waya phezu kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad, yaye emva koko, yintoni inkalipho babonisa abantu bayinqule nkqu mbali Western.

Price ukuvimba

January 27, 1944-8 kwemini kwi zokuthwala ukusuka kuvalwe iindlela iLeningrad kunyuke esibhakabhakeni fireworks festive. Ukunikezela Leningrad yathatha iintsuku 872 kwiimeko ezimaxongo ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni, kodwa ngoku zonke ushiyekayo kwisifundo. Le ubuqhawe abantu abaqhelekileyo solo mbali zokhuselo yesixeko isifundo abaphandi. Kwaye kukho nto! I abanya iLeningrad phantse 900 iintsuku kwaye kubangwe ubomi ezininzi ... kanye ingakanani - Kunzima ukutsho.

Nangona isibakala sokuba ukususela 1944 sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-70, ababhali-mbali abakwazi kuluchaza inani ngqo amaxhoba esi siganeko wamagazi. Nazi ezinye data ezithathwe amaxwebhu.

Ngenxa yoko, inani esemthethweni labo babulawa ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni - 632 253 abantu. Abantu bafa ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukusuka iziqhushumbisi, ukubanda kunye nendlala. Leningradites nzima wanyamezela ebusika obubandayo iminyaka 1941/1942, koko, ukunqongophala rhoqo ukutya, umbane kunye namanzi maxa onke abemi utyiwa. Kuvalwe iindlela Leningrad abanamava abantu, hayi nje kakuhle, kodwa nangokwenyama. Abahlali bafumana imixhesho owayenomgutyana isonka, leyo kwayona (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngokwaneleyo kwaphela), ukuze singafi yindlala.

Ababhali-mbali uphando yabo ugcinwe ukususela iirekhodi imfazwe kweekomiti zengingqi emzini All-Union Communist Party of iiBolsheviks. Olo lwazi a abasebenzi ofisi registry esilungise inani labantu abafileyo. Xa amaphepha ngasese, kodwa emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR declassified mpepha, kunye namaxwebhu abaninzi baba iyafumaneka phantse wonke.

Inani ikhankanywe apha ngentla kwabafileyo ndivuma babephikisana nenyani. Ukukhululwa iLeningrad ukusuka amaNazi wanikwa abantu abaqhelekileyo iindleko ubomi obuninzi, igazi nokubandezeleka. Eminye imithombo ithi 300 amawaka ufile, lo gama abanye bathi 1.5 million. Wazithwala empini kuphela abangazange ixesha kuphunywe umzi. Amajoni file iindawo iLeningrad Front kunye kwiBaltic Fleet ababhalise kuluhlu "abavikeli esi sixeko."

amandla eSoviet ukuba aveze inani lokwenyaniso amaxhoba. Emva kokuba Ukungqingwa iLeningrad kwasuswa, yonke idatha amaxhoba lahlelwa kwaye igama lo mzobo itshintshile rhoqo ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngelo xesha bekutshiwo ukuba kwimfazwe USSR kunye amaNazi kwicala lethu kwabulawa abantu malunga 7 million. Ngubani wavakalisa oyintsobi yalowo 26.6 yezigidi ...

Ngokwendalo, inani lamathole akukho ngokukodwa nembono eLeningrad, kodwa nangona kunjalo, iye yahlaziywa izihlandlo eziliqela. Ekugqibeleni, samisa kwi-2 million abantu. Unyaka lokuphakamisa kwafa baba kwangoko banoyolo kakhulu kwaye uninzi buhlungu ngenxa yabantu. Kuphela ngoku kwaziwe indlela kwafa abantu abaninzi yindlala yaye kubanda. Nokuba zingaphi baye ubomi babo ngenxa inkululeko ...

Iingxoxo malunga inani lamaxhoba uya kuqhutywa ngokumalunga ixesha elide. Kukho idatha ezintsha kunye ukubala entsha, inani ngqo amaxhoba Leningrad kubonakala ukuba soze kwaziwa. Noko ke, igama elithi "imfazwe", "ibloko", "iLeningrad" unobangela kwaye iya kubangela ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ikratshi abantu kunye nokuziva intlungu emangalisayo. Le yinto ukuba neqhayiya. Unyaka kwesiqalekiso kuvalwe iindlela Leningrad - umnyaka ngokoyisa omoya wobuntu yaye kwemikhosi elungileyo phezu lobumnyama chaos.