Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin: biography, uluhlu lweencwadi kunye namanqaku anika umdla

oneminyaka engama-87 yobomi babantu ndawonye lonke ebikhona. Iziswa apha izithethe yoncwadi lwamandulo, yena wazama ukucinga ezincwadini zabo, uhlobo olutsha ngumdlali, owazalwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zembali. Xa inoveli yakhe iphambili, bayinyusa izizukulwana ezininzi, omnandi kuye angabi ukuzibophelela wawo iinkolelo nezimvo inyaniso ubuhlobo, nangonyamezelo ekuphumezeni iinjongo nokuhlonipheka efanayo, leyo ngokwayo Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin wahlala enyanisekile kwaye abazimiseleyo kumsebenzi boncwadi, kwaye ebomini.

"Ndicinga wakwazi umfana ..."

Nguye lo mntwana mncinane kwintsapho enkulu yimvumi yasemkhosini Alexander Abramovich Zilber, abalungiselelayo eOmsk elihamba webutho. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin wazalwa entwasahlobo ka-1902, xa inkoliso yentsapho iminyaka engaphezu kwama-5 abahlala Pskov. Bonke abantwana abakrelekrele 6 Zilber, kamva efikelela eziphakamileyo kakhulu nje kuphela umculo kodwa kwinzululwazi. Ngokomzekelo, Alexander waba umqambi nakumaGrikekazi umqhubi, yazeka elakho zombini kamva, Elena - musicologist, Leo - umseki isikolo sonke yiSoviet yenzululwazi Ngeentsholongwane Medical.

Ukuhlolisisa yelifa ngokwasengqondweni nezobugcisa ukuze ubomi ikamva labantwana Kapellmeister Zilber becala ezibanjwa unina - Anne Grigorevne. Yena waye nomdlali, owaphumelela le Moscow Conservatory, imfundo kunye ephangalele, owenza indlu yabo indawo ethandwa lonxibelelwano Progressive yoLutsha Pskov yePhondo. Kucacile ukuba phantsi kwempembelelo wayo umbhali elizayo ngokukhawuleza Ndaziswa ukufunda.

Umbhali uhla - eStevenson

Waba knigoglotatelem ukunciphisa izixa ezikhulu uncwadi iipropati ezahlukeneyo: zamaqhawe Andersen kunye Perrault, iincwadi Dickens kunye Viktora Gyugo, imisebenzi ezakudala Russian, adventure iinoveli ka Fenimore Cooper and Aimard, amabali Sherlock Holmes kunye yethabloyidi enamakhasi iincwadi omncinane malunga abaphangi zobunene kunye ngabacuphi. Njengoko kamva uyakhumbula Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, yena ngokukodwa wayethanda uRobert eStevenson, watsho ubuchule ilifa ingqalelo ngaphandle Reserve, esebenzisa "amazwi amandla bamba, enika wazala ummangaliso ubugcisa."

Ngaphandle unina, yanikwa uphuhliso lwabantwana eninzi ingqalelo, igama elikhulu lo mfana umzalwana omdala Leo. Indoda nempembelelo enkulu phezu ezithandwa zoncwadi zombhali elizayo, yaye wabethelela kuye amkhanuke uncwadi, waba ngumhlobo kunye endifunda naye Leo - uYuri Tynyanov - kamva umhlalutyi odumileyo zoncwadi kunye nombhali, nombhali "Second uLieutenant Kizhe", "Kuchle" yaye "Ukufa Wazir-Mukhtar" . Tynyanov ixesha elide ukuba umhlobo wenene kunye Kaverina. Kazi kamva watshata udade ULeo kunye Veni - Elena, yaye Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin waye watshata ebomini yayo emide kwi Tynianov udade - uLidiya.

kwiiyunivesithi yayo

Ngexesha uqeqesho kwi Pskov lomthambo lephondo, apho wachitha iminyaka 6 ubudala, ingxaki kuphela Kaverina besenza izibalo. Namaxesha akhe aphakamileyo kwisikolo uzama ukubhala isihobe, ngelo xesha eqhelekileyo abafana kunye wabadlali wobuntu.

Kaverina ebuntwaneni yaphela ngo-1918 emva kokuba kuthinjwe Pskov amabutho aseJamani, wayigqiba kwisikolo esiphakamileyo e-eMoscow. Apho engena eyunivesithi. Emva koko wafudukela kwikomkhulu - Petrograd. Apho, nge Tynianov, iindlela kunye ababhali abaninzi abadumileyo - Shklovskii, E. Schwartz, Langa Ivanov, et al. Sessions uncwadi, xa yokuba ethile, Kaverin kunye iphaphile. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, imbali yayo iye ngenxa umzekelo inkonzo zamaqhawe iincwadi Russian, wafumana izifundo zokuqala nzima endleleni. Isijorha kakhulu indalo yakhe lwesihobe wazibonakalisa Osip Hope: "Ukususela abantu abafana nawe, imibongo kufuneka zikhuselwe!".

Lo mbongo igqityiwe, Kaverin kwaye ugqiba ukuba azinikele kwinzululwazi. Yena uya Istfil Petrograd University kwaye ngexesha elinye nawasezincotsheni Arab le Institute of Living Oriental Languages.

I kombhali amava

Kodwa ukoyisa njengokufuna ukubhala Kaverin ayizange lombutho. Ngenye imini emva kokuba iimviwo abezingcwalisile theory Lobachevskii, wabona iphowusta lokhuphiswano boncwadi, wabamba Indlu Writers. kwemizuzu elishumi, abawabelwayo indlela endlwini, ngoko ngokuba Kaverin akubulali, ukuchonga iimpawu eziphambili yobomi bakhe. Ugqiba ukuya iprozi kwaye acingisise ibali lakhe, aza kuthatha inxaxheba kolu khuphiswano.

La mava prosaic yokuqala Kaverina ebizwa ngokuba 'saziwe elinanye "yabalasela kuphela ibhaso lesithathu. Umdibaniso engange 3,000 yathatha kuphela toffee ezintandathu - imali devalued kangaka ngo-1920, kodwa ke imali yakhe yokuqala zoncwadi, impumelelo yakhe yokuqala ngumbhali. Ngaye wamkhumbula Kaverin njalo. Veniamin Aleksandrovich - ngobomi, uluhlu lweencwadi epapashwe ehlabathini lonke, baba ubungqina yokuqikelela ophezulu umsebenzi wakhe italente - ukuya ekupheleni kweentsuku ezintandathu wakhumbula toffee.

"Serapion Brothers"

February 1, 1921, intlanganiso yokuqala kwisangqa boncwadi, ebizwa ngokuba "Serapion bazalwana." Iintlanganiso kamva waya yi eninzi "babevumelana 'kunye nabalandeli, kodwa isakhiwo eziphefumlelweyo waba rhoqo: Lev Luntz, uMikhail Zoshchenko, kulya Gruzdev uNikolay Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, UNikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod ivanov, uMikhail Slonimsky, uKonstantin Fedin. Enye amalungu asisigxina lombutho waba Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, ogama imisebenzi baqala ngelo xesha, ukuba kuvela rhoqo kwi kumaphephandaba yaye bathathe inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso. Wahlala ethembekile i "abazalwana" kunye nemigaqo creative bavakalisa ukuba ekupheleni - Kaverin kunye kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kamva laba sisiqalo "Serapion ubalo" - Feb 1 - njengoko leeholide ibalulekileyo.

Kwaye le migaqo khange ingaqhelekanga ngelo xesha. igama, ukubolekwa ekusekweni wesangqa kwi yingqokelela yamabali ezakudala elifutshane German Romanticism Ernest Teodora Amadeya Hoffmann zooyise, wathetha yokungakhathali ngokupheleleyo kwezopolitiko. Kule ngqokelela ekhankanywe kuluntu yoncwadi, ogama wokuwonga elaa yedwa edume abangamaKristu uyazidela Serapion, kwaye isibhengezo kwexabiso iyintloko yomsebenzi zoncwadi ekumgangatho wakhe, ngaphandle kokujonga ideology kunye nemibono yezopolitiko umbhali, kwaba ngomnyaka wesithathu amandla Soviet phantse njengasengcaphukisweni.

ixesha unya

Kungekudala yi "abazalwana" baba naivete ngokucacileyo iintshukumisa zabo amanene. umahluko ngemibono phakathi kwabo bonke ngakumbi zibonakala ngokucacileyo. "I abaseNtshona" - Luntz, Kaverin, Slonim - ibekwe ngaphezu kwelinye ibali, kwiintlobo adventure, "empuma iphiko" - Zoshchenko, Sun Ivanov - sathanda ukuchaza ubomi kunye mibala womthonyama. Umahluko phakathi eziphambili boncwadi ekuqaleni akazange kuthintela ukugcinwa ubunye zokudala nezinobuntu kodwa phantsi izithonga enamandla ukugxekwa nobomi neemeko ezisemthethweni kwaye inciphisiwe.

Ixesha itshayelwe "abazalwana" emacaleni ezahlukeneyo, ukwenza ezinye iqela inqununu. Luntz ngo-1924, okubuhlungu kukuba wafa ekuqaleni; Ivanov, Slonim, Nikitin waba wayezimisele acule bokubanga le Idabi; Tikhonov and Fedin kamva ahlala izikhundla eziphezulu Union of Writers Soviet, emibonweni ebambe umgca bepati, zingawucongi na ukuphikisana. Xa, emva 1946 phantsi koxinzelelo olomeleleyo zonyanzeliso yembono yaba Zoshchenko, enye kuphela "Serapion Bazalwana" ukuxhasa kuye wayemgcinile ubudlelwane efudumeleyo - Veniamin Kaverin. Ekugqibeleni waphula neentlobano zokwazana Fedin, xa ngowe-1968 akazange avumele upapasho "Umhlaza Ward" Solzhenitsyn.

Umsebenzi onzima kunye nokunyaniseka kwimigaqo

In "serapionovskie 'amaxesha umsunguli uncwadi yesigaba Mxim Gorky iqaphele ukuba omnye wababhali zezona ngcali zinetalente aselula - Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Kubathetheli ababini" (1940-1945) - inoveli, apho ubukhulu becala kuthwelwe igama zombhali, - ngokutsho amarhe, Stalin wayeyoliswa kakhulu, kwaye ikuvumile Kaverina ewonga ngo-1946 Stalin Prize, emva kokukhutshwa yesibini incwadi malunga adventures Sani Grigorieva. ithandwa enkulu wayekuthanda "Iminqwenelo" (1935-1936) kunye "Incwadi neVulekileyo" (1953-1956). Ngexesha lemfazwe, Kaverin wawusebenza eMntla Fleet, awusebenzeleyo wawongwa Order of the Red Star.

Mhlawumbi konke oku kuye kwamnceda Kaverin siphephe impindezelo, afana nalawo owayefumene umzalwana wakhe omdala Leo, abaninzi yophando entsimini of ngumzuzu kuqhutywa ngexesha kule nkampu. Stalin incwadi ecela ukukhululwa yakhe sityikitywe Kaverin. ukugxeka esemthethweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo hit umbhali, etyhola incwadi yakhe nopolitiko kunye nokuzonwabisa.

Ngaphandle koku, umbhali akazange ukungcatsha nkolelo. Yena inxaxheba kokupapashwa anthology "Uqobo Moscow" (1956), umntu abasemagunyeni iqela umlomo. Kaverin wala esidlangalaleni ukuba bathathe inxaxheba intshutshiso Boris Pasternak ngo-1958, wanika ileta ukukhusela Sinyavsky noDaniyeli, walwa kushicilelwa iincwadi yi uMikhail Bulgakov ne Solzhenitsyn.

I-lifa Umbhali kunye kwabantu

Mhlawumbi abasemagunyeni esisemthethweni lula ukucinga umbhali sakhe kwisitulo akanalo nempembelelo enkulu phezu ezingqondweni ubunzima kunye iingqondo ngamanye readers. Kodwa uluvo ayide ikwazi ingaqwalaselwa njengemeleyo, anikwe umthamo kunye nomgangatho Kaverin ebhaliweyo.

"Kubathetheli ababini" kuphela xa ubomi zombhali iprintwe izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-70, yaye "incwadi evulekileyo" zabo ulondoloze ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ukufunda abantu bazi izinto ezifana "ummangaleli, okanye ngokuhlwa kwi Vasilevsky Island" (1928), "Ongaziwayo Mhlobo" (1957), "Zisixhenxe izibini ezingcolileyo" (1962), "Portrait kabini" (1963), "O. Senkovskiy (Baron Brambeus) "(1929, 1964)," Ngaphambi kokuba isipili "(1972) kunye nabanye.

Nguye ke umbhali amabali amafutshane eziliqela kunye nezincoko, kwabuzwa iintsomi abantwana. A Umzila ekhethekileyo ngasekhohlo nkumbulo bakhe, ingakumbi incwadi "UYobi" (1979-1989), ihlelwe apho wayesebenza de iiyure zokugqibela phambi kokuba aye apho, owenzeka ngo May 1989. Kodwa le miqulu Awuyazi nonke ngobomi Veniamina Aleksandrovicha Kaverina. Ubuso iyinene kule nto umbhali kunye umntu igcinwa kunye memoirs ababephila eminyaka kamva, yaye yayo italente, njengoko kuqatshelwe abagxeki ezininzi zoncwadi kunye readers eziqhelekileyo ekusafuneka ukuhlola yokwenene.