Eyaziwa abahloli Arctic

Arctic wayeka uluntu kwi Ekuveleni XIX kunye XX eminyaka. Oku nzima-to-edge kuphandwe daredevils abavela kumazwe amaninzi: .. eRashiya, Norway, eSweden, Italy, njl Imbali kokufunyanwa Arctic - asinto nje lwezenzululwazi, kodwa uhlanga imidlalo kuyaqhubeka unanamhla.

Nils Nordenskiöld

nomhloli Arctic Nils Nordenskiöld (1832-1901) wazalelwa e-Finland, ngoko banawo eRashiya, nangona kunjalo, ukuba a Swede ngokuzalwa, ngohambo lwakhe olwenziwa phantsi kweflegi Swedish. Ebutsheni bakhe watyelela abaninzi Spitsbergen. Nordenskiöld waba ngowokuqala umhambi 'waboleka' eGreenland ice sheet. abaphandi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Bonke Arctic ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX ke kufanele kuthathwa kuye njengoko owayemele ngayo ubugcisa bakhe.

Impumelelo ephambili Adolfa Nordenshelda yaba ngohambo lwakhe North-East Passage kwi-1878-1879 biennium. Le umkhumbi "Vega" wayengumntu wokuqala ukuba uhambo kunxweme osemantla Eurasia kunye ngokupheleleyo weza zwekazi elikhulu. Ukugqwesa Nordenskjold inzala kuqikelelwa - igama lakhe inikwa iimpawu ezininzi wejografi le Arctic. Oku kuquka Nqabakazi kufutshane Taimyr kunye nePersian malunga noMhlaba oMtsha.

Robert Piri

Name Roberta Piri (1856-1920) - ingakumbi kwimbali matutu polar. Nguye - umkhenkethi yokuqala Arctic lowo woyisa North Pole. Ngowe-1886, umhloli ebekwe ukuwela eGreenland phezu ebusika. Noko ke, kule uhlanga oluphelelwe Fridtjof Nansen.

Le abahloli ke Arctic baba EXTREMALS evakalayo nangakumbi kunokuba kunjalo ngoku. Kodwa kwakungekho izixhobo zale mihla, kwaye daredevils kwafuneka ukusebenza phantse ongayaziyo. Engxamele ukuze soyise i-North Pole, likaPeary wagqiba ukuba kubomi nezithethe Eskimos. Enkosi kwi "exchange yenkcubeko" American bamshiya ukusetyenziswa sleeping neentente. Endaweni yoko, wayeza babhenele kwisenzo yokwakha Igloo.

Ekhaya Travel Piri - ngohambo lwakhe lesithandathu Arctic ngo-1908-1909. Iqela zaziquka 22 baseMerika 49 Eskimos. Nangona, njengoko umthetho, abahloli Arctic zathunyelwa eziphelweni zehlabathi kunye neenjongo zenzululwazi, inkampani Piri luqulathe kuphela ukusuka umnqweno ukuba irekhodi. North Pole yoyiswa bamazwe NgoAprili 6, 1909.

Raul Amundsen

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Raul Amundsen (1872-1928) waya kwi Arctic ngo-1897-1899 gg., Apho wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo Belgian, nto leyo Umlawuli omnye iinqanawa. Emva kokubuyela kwilizwe lakhe Norway waqalisa ukulungiselela ukuhamba ezimeleyo. Ngaphambi koku, abaphandi le Arctic ziyindlela abehamba namaqela ezinkulu neempahla ezininzi. Amundsen bagqiba ekubeni bayeke lo mkhwa.

nomhloli Polar bathenga kwezikhephe elincinane "Joa" babahlanganisa amandla encinane na ngokuzimeleyo kuzixhasa ngokuzingela, nokuhlanganiselwa. Olu hambo yasungulwa ngo-1903. Ingongoma ukuqala yaba kubaphangi eGreenland, kwaye wokugqibela - Alaska. Ngoko ke, lo wokuqala Raul Amundsen woyisa Passage - indlela ulwandle nge Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Yaba yimpumelelo ibonwe. Ngowe-1911, umhloli yokuqala polar kwimbali yoluntu lifikelele South Pole. Kwixesha elizayo, Amundsen waba nomdla ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-moya, kuquka airships kunye seaplanes. Le umphandi wafa ngowe-1928, sifuna ukuba hambo kulahleke Umberto Nobile.

Nansen

Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) waqalisa ukufuna Arctic nje for fun. Njengoko emkhenkceni echubekileyo skier, nguye engama-27 ubudala wagqiba ekubeni cross-lizwe Ukuskiya esikhulu eGreenland ice ikepusi kunye lilinge lokuqala wenza imbali.

North Pole okwangoku yoyiswa likaPeary, Nansen waza wagqiba ekubeni kufikelelwe kwinqanaba Kwinkokheli ZakwaLizwi, ndingena kunye ngumkhenkce kwi schooner "Fram". Le nqanawa yaba ekuthinjweni ice emantla Cape Chelyuskin. iqela polar waya phezu ekhwela, kodwa ngoAprili 1895, lwathi 86 degrees ekwizibanzi ngasentla, babuya umva.

Kamva Fridtjof Nansen zange inxaxheba emsebenzini nguvulindlela. Kunoko, yena Wayesikhuthalele kwinzululwazi, lokuba nzulu obalaseleyo kunye nombhali a izifundo zokuhlola. Isimo mzobo zoluntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle Nansen ubunzima kunye neziphumo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi e Europe. Wanceda abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye yindlala iVolga. Ngowe-1922, i-Arctic wamazwe Norwegian wawongwa Nobel Peace Prize.

Umberto Nobile

Italian Umberto Nobile (1885-1978) yaziwa kungekuphela nje wezindawo ezibandayo. igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa era legolide ivele. Amundsen, Ubethwe ngubani kwingcamango komoya moya phezu North Pole, wayedibana oyingcali kwicandelo Aeronautics Nobile ngo-1924. Sele ngo-1926, inkampani Italian Argonaut yaseScandinavia, kunye American usozimali lukhuni Lincoln Ellsworth waya ukubhabha epochal. Indiza "Norway" balandela yokuqala route ibonwe eRoma - North Pole - Alaska Peninsula.

Umberto Nobile waba iqhawe lesizwe, kwaye imibala uMussolini bamenza ilungu jikelele kunye Wawongwa yobuFasi Party. Impumelelo kwenza kwakhona umakhi airships ukuba ukuhlela hambo. Ngeli xesha, violin lokuqala isiganeko wadlala Italy (moya polar kwaye sele kuthiwa "Italy"). Endleleni ebuyela kwi-North Pole ivele lungqubene, inxalenye crew wafa, yaye Nobile wahlangulwa ice yakhe icebreaker eSoviet "Krasin".

Chelyuskinites

Chelyuskinites feat - iphepha elikhethekileyo kwimbali imida wokuhlola polar. Inxulunyaniswa komzamo ukuseka yokukhangela ngaselwandle Northern Route. Yokuba iphefumlelwe Isazinzulu Otto Schmidt kunye Captain-polar Vladimir Voronin. Ngowe-1933, bathumela ke umkhumbi "Chelyuskin" yaye bahamba uhambo kunxweme osemantla Eurasia.

abahloli Soviet Arctic wayefuna ukungqina ukuba iNorthern Sea Route ukuhambisela nje kuphela kwisithuthi elungiselelwe ngokukodwa, kodwa inqanawa elula. Kakade ke, ukuba kukho gembula, kwaye kwacaca ukuba olo kwi the wethu Strait, apho umkhenkce odakumbileyo umkhombe iphele.

Eli qela of "Chelyuskin" yakhawuleza kokuphuma, yaye ikomkhulu ikhomishini urhulumente ukuba alungiselele ukophula bamazwe polar zadalwa. Abantu baye babuyela ekhaya ibhulorho emoyeni ngoncedo moya. Imbali "Chelyuskin" kunye neqela lakhe ndiloyisile ihlabathi. Ngabaqhubi, nabancedi kuqala ukufumana isihloko Hero eSoviet Union.

Georgy Sedov

Georgy Sedov (1877-1914) ahlanganiswa ubomi babo elwandle njengoko umfana, angena Rostov iiklasi Nautical. Ngaphambi kokuba umhloli wamazwe Arctic, yena inxaxheba emfazweni Russian-Japanese, apho umthetho isikhephe inomzimba.

Kwiphulo lokuqala polar Sedov kwenzeka ngo-1909, xa wachaza umlomo we Kolyma River. Emva koko wabancina umhlaba omtsha (kubandakanywa Krestov wayo Guba). Ngowe-1912, uLt abaphezulu wacebisa ukuba tsarist projekthi urhulumente isileyi uhambo, injongo yaba North Pole.

Abasemagunyeni wala ukuba axhase yingozi. Emva koko baqokelela imali evela kwiimali zabucala kunye uhambo nangoku zilungelelaniswe. inqanawa yakhe "St. Foka" yavalwa komkhenkce Novaya Zemlya. ngoko Sedov wagula ukhwekhwe, kodwa ephelekwa ngamaqabane eziliqela waya ebusika kwi-North Pole. Polar wafa en eya ekufutshane URudolf Island, apho yangcwatywa.

Valery Chkalov

kaninzi ngaphezu abahloli Russian Arctic ezinxulumene ngeenqanawa, eshiywe nenja sledding. Nakuba kunjalo, igalelo layo ekufundweni izithuba polar pilot wenza. Ikhosi ye-ACE engundoqo Soviet valeriy Chkalov (1904-1938) ngo-1937 wenza moya wokuqala isuka eMoscow eVancouver nge-North Pole.

Buddy Brigade kwi mission waba co-pilot Georgy Bajdukov kunye esasihamba Alexander Belyakov. iiyure 63 lwembovane-25 wenza eekhilomitha yayo ndlela-elide 9000. Amaqhawe Vancouver elindele oonondaba ehlabathini lonke, kwaye US uMongameli Roosevelt ngokobuqu wafumana njengezelatha-ndlela ngowe White House.

Ivan Papanin

Phantse Ngokuqinisekileyo Ivan Papanin (1894-1896) - eyaziwa kakhulu Soviet Arctic Explorer. uyise wakhe abasebenzi zibuko Sevastopol, ayimangalisi into yokuba inkwenkwe yabantwana yasekuqaleni ovuthayo elwandle. In ngasentla Papanin wabonakala okokuqala ngo-1931, etyeleleyo enqanaweni "Malygin" Franz Josef Land.

udumo esineendudumo, ukuba abahloli Arctic weza eneminyaka engama-44 ubudala. Ngowe-1937-1938. Papanin wakhokela umsebenzi yokuqala ehlabathini iyalandela "North Pole" station. iintsuku 274 bachitha oosonzululwazi ezine ngumkhenkce, ndibukele Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye kwehayidrosfere ye-Arctic Ocean. Papanin waba Hero eSoviet Union kabini.