Yintoni na isikhululo emajukujukwini? Yintoni na isikhululo indawo Orbital?

Thina encinane kangaka yonke, ngayo yenza zingaphi engaziwayo ezifihlakeleyo uyazi. Akukho namnye unako nokuba malunga xiya iimfihlelo iphela. Nangona uluntu ngokuthe ezihamba kuyo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu bafuna ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo emajukujukwini, yintoni izibonelelo, ngaphandle iplanethi yethu kwinkqubo elanga ukuba ukusombulula intsinda-badala iimfihlelo abakuzo. iimfihlelo ezininzi, udakada ihlabathi elikude, kwakhokelela ekubeni yokuba izazinzulu ziye uqalise ukucinga ngendlela umntu angaya emajukujukwini ukufunda kuyo.

Ngoko kwakukho isikhululo indawo yokuqala. Kwaye emva kwaso - nezinye, ezinokuntsonkotha multi-functional izibonelelo zophando ejoliswe kuloyiso emajukujukwini.

Yintoni na isikhululo emajukujukwini?

Le ufakelo entsonkothileyo kakhulu eyenzelwe ukuthumela abaphandi kunye izazinzulu zibe isithuba imifuniselo. Kubhaliwe isendaweni ukujikeleza koMhlaba, izazinzulu akukho lula ukubona emoyeni kunye phezu umhlaba, ukuba baqhube olunye uphando. Ezi njongo zezi kwaye kwiziphekepheke ngumntu, kodwa zilawulwa ukusuka emhlabeni, oko kukuthi, yalila ayikho apho.

Ngamaxesha athile, amalungu abasebenzi kwisikhululo kwisithuba kufakwe ezintsha, kodwa kuyenzeka kunqabile kakhulu ngokunxulumene iindleko zothutho esithubeni. Ukongezelela, ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuthumela iinqanawa ukususa izixhobo, izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nomphako oosomajukujuku.

Apho amazwe inayo kwisitishi sayo isithuba Orbital

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuvavanywa izicwangciso ubunzima efanayo - yinkqubo ende kakhulu yaye zibiza imali eninzi. Oku kufuna imali kuphela esinzulu, kodwa izazinzulu, ziyakwazi ukumelana neengxaki ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, kuphela ukuthenga amagunya emikhulu behlabathi ukuphuhlisa, ukubaleka nokulondoloza ezi zixhobo.

Izikhululo Orbital ukuba eUnited States, eYurophu (ESA), iJapan, China naseRashiya. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngaphezu urhulumente akumanyileyo ukwenza i Station Space International. Kwakhona kule ababandakanyekayo kunye namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo.

Station "Mir"

Enye yeeprojekthi ezininzi yimpumelelo kulwakhiwo lwezixhobo isithuba - station "Mir" imveliso kwi USSR. Yandululwa 1986 (phambi kokuba uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo bathwalwa ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi) kwaye waqhubeka ukusebenza de 2001. Isikhululo isithuba "Mir" wadala ngokoqobo kancinci kancinci. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umhla sokuqaliswa yayo ithathwa 1986, ngoko yaziswa kuphela inxalenye yokuqala, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, iiyunithi ezintandathu ezazithunyelwe orbit. ngaphezu konyaka omnye yaye yaziswa kwi inkonzo kwisikhululo Orbital "Mir", lo izikhukula lwenzeka kakhulu emva kwexesha.

Izibonelelo kunye nezinye izinto ziye zasiwa kwisikhululo isithuba ngoncedo bezithuthi "Inkqubela". Ngexesha ubukho "Uxolo" wadalwa ngenqanawa ezine efanayo. Kuba data naye izigcwangciso zayo ezikhethekileyo ephuma kwisikhululo Emhlabeni - imijukujelwa ballistic phantsi kwegama "Rainbow". Ngethuba ubukho zesikhululo phezu yayindwendwele ngaphezu kwekhulu oosomajukujuku. Nokuhlala mde kakhulu kwi cosmonaut yakhe Russian Valery Polyakov.

nezikhukhula

Xa iingxaki i-90 ezininzi, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ayeke isifundo kwinkulungwane edluleyo, waqalisa isikhululo. Oku kungenxa yokuba wahlala ixesha elide ngaphezu ubomi ezilindelekileyo, ekuqaleni obekumele ukuba sisebenze iminyaka elishumi. Ngomnyaka ugcwalise isikhululo isithuba "Mir" (2001), kwagqitywa kwelokuba ndimthumele kuye kummandla esemazantsi Pacific Ocean.

Kubanga yezikhukhula

NgoJanuwari 2001, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuliphuphumalisa sikhululo eRashiya. Le nkampani engeluncedo lwanto, kunye nemfuneko rhoqo ukulungiswa ulondolozo exabiso likhulu kakhulu kunye neengozi bathabatha toll zabo. Kwathiwa ecetywayo iiprojekthi ezininzi lwengqesho yakhe. Isikhululo isithuba "Mir" yaba ixabiso Tehran, nto leyo unomdla umkhondo indlela intshukumo kunye imizili uqala. Ukongezelela, kwakukho imibuzo malunga nokwehla ebalulekileyo imisebenzi, ekufuneka basuswe. Ngaphandle koku, ngo-2001 (kunyaka onogumbe isikhululo Orbital "Mir"), iye basuswe.

I-International Station Space

station ISS isithuba - izakhiwo, adalwe States eziliqela. Ngokwamazinga empumelelo, amazwe elinesihlanu inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwayo. Kuba okokuqala ukuthetha malunga nokudalwa umsebenzi onjalo wabuya ngowe-1984, xa urhulumente US kunye namanye amazwe aliqela (Canada, Japan) baye bagqiba ukwenza i kwisikhululo super-Orbital. Emva kokuqalisa uphuhliso, xa belungiselela ezintsonkothileyo ngokuba "Inkululeko", kwacaca ukuba inkcitho inkqubo indawo inkulu kakhulu ukuba le mali karhulumente. Ngoko ke, amaMelika wagqiba kwelokuba afune inkxaso evela kwamanye amazwe.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, bona, Kakade, wabhenela lizwe, nto leyo esele onamava yokoyiswa isithuba sangaphandle - USSR, apho kwakukho iingxaki ezifanayo: yokunqongophala kwemali, ngaba iiprojekthi ukuphunyezwa zibiza imali eninzi. Ngoko ke, intsebenziswano kumazwe aliqela yaba isisombululo kusengqiqweni.

Isivumelwano kunye kwasungulwa

Ngowe-1992, kwisivumelwano ukuhlola ngokubambisana isithuba yatyikitywa phakathi kwe US naseRashiya. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ilizwe ziququzelele amaphulo edibeneyo nokwabelana ngamava abo. Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, i element ISS yokuqala lathunyelwa emajukujukwini. Namhlanje le nkqubo ibandakanya isethi iimodyuli, nto leyo icetyelwe ukuba ngokuthe ngcembe ukudibanisa embalwa.

modules ISS

Ubume bale ISS lineemodyuli amathathu ophando. Le laboratory American "Bya", eyasekwa ngo-2001, embindini "Columbus" elasekwa bamazwe baseYurophu ngo-2008, yaye "Kibo" - umnqongo Japanese zisiwe ukujikeleza kulo nyaka. Japanese umnqongo phando yafakwa kwi-ISS wokugqibela. It ngeenyama zalo athunyelwe orbit, apho imvelaphi inyuselwa khona.

Russia ayinayo umnqongo yayo uphando ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kukho izixhobo ezifanayo - "Phendla" yaye "Dawn". Lo mnqongo mini-uphando, nto leyo imisebenzi yayo kuthelekiswa kancinane phambili kangako kunye namanye amazwe, kodwa hayi ngaphantsi kakhulu kwizixhobo zabo. Ngapha koko, ngoku kukho isikhululo ngemiba yezemfundo iyaphuhliswa eRashiya phantsi igama "science." Kucetywa ukuba iya kusungulwa ngo-2017.

"Bulisani"

station Orbital "Salyut" - iprojekti ixesha elide USSR. Yonke loo izityalo waba iinkuni ezimbalwa, zonke ezo zalingwa kwaye ziyilelwe ukuba inkqubo DOS yoluntu. Lo isikhululo lokuqala Russian isithuba yaphehlelelwa nezijikeleza ngo-1975 ngoncedo "Proton" irula.

Ngowe-1960 uphuhliso yokuqala lwezikhululo Orbital ziye zasekwa. Ngeli xesha kwakukho sele kukho "Proton" irula kwizithuthi. Ukususela ekudalweni isixhobo ezintsonkothileyo yaba iingqondo nzulu ezintsha waseUSSR, umsebenzi waya ngokucothayo kakhulu. Kwinkqubo iqela iingxaki. Kungoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni uthathe ithuba ezenzekayo eyenzelwe "Union." Yonke i "Bulisani" ifana kakhulu kubume. Eli gumbi engundoqo kwaye ngobukhulu esebenza.

"Tiangong-1"

station space chinese yaziswa kutshanje - ngo-2011. Oku okwangoku ziphuhliswe ukuya ekupheleni ekwakhiweni kwayo kuya kuqhubeka kude kube 2020. Ngenxa yoko, wayecebe ukuba kwakhiwe isikhululo kakhulu kunene. Xa inguqulelo yegama elithi "Tiangong" lithetha "ebhotwe yasezulwini". ubunzima Device nama-8500 kg. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isikhululo lenziwa lamagumbi mabini.

lo msebenzi "Tiangong-1" Ekubeni kushishino isithuba Chinese zokusungula isikhululo elandelayo-sizukulwana, Kulula kakhulu kwixesha elizayo. Eyona njongo iphambili yale program kukusebenza kunye docking Unjengeenqanawa "Shenzhou", ngoku imithwalo ukuya kwisitishi, ukuba isiphene iimodyuli kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo, guqula kancinane ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngokunjalo ukudala iimeko eqhelekileyo kokuhlala elide oosomajukujuku ukujikeleza. Izikhululo zilandelayo ngokwenziwa Tshayina sele unayo uluhlu olubanzi lweenjongo kunye namathuba.

"Skylab"

Isikhululo space American kuphela yaphehlelelwa nezijikeleza ngo-1973. Kuye ijolise ekwenzeni uphando imiba emininzi eyahlukeneyo. "Skylab" kuqhutywa uphando zeteknoloji, bemvelo kunye astrophysical. Kwesi sikhululo kwakukho zobuntlola ezintathu ubude, ubukho de 1979, yaye emva koko yehla.

In "Skylab" yaye "Tiangong" waba neengxaki ezifanayo. Ngenxa kuphela ngoko waqalisa ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, yalila ka "Skylab" yayikukuphonononga njani inkqubo lohlengahlengiso woMntu isithuba, kwaye baqhuba imifuniselo yezenzululwazi.

Kwiphulo lokuqala "Skylab" yathatha iintsuku 28 kuphela. Oosomajukujuku yokuqala kwakulungiswa ezinye iindawo ezimashakeleyo, kwaye phantse akazange abe ixesha ukuze kuqhutywe uphando. Ebudeni hambo lwesibini, eyathatha iintsuku 59 kakade, ukuba sifakelwe thermal ubushushu screen kwaye endaweni Hydroscope. Le hambo yesithathu lulahla "Skylab" yathatha iintsuku 84, inani lezifundo.

Emva kokugqitywa amaphulo amathathu zinika iinketho ezininzi zendlela ukuqhubeka phambili kwisikhululo, kodwa ngenxa nakwenzeka yokuthutha yona orbit ngakumbi ezikude, kwagqitywa ekubeni atshabalalise "Skylab". Kwenzeka ntoni ngo-1979. Ezinye iingceba isikhululo unako ukusindisa, ngoku Ndinibonisile kwiimyuziyam.

nesisekelo

Ukongeza kule miba ingentla apha, okwangoku orbit kusekho kwizitishi ezimbini ngaphandle benqanawa - sawa Genesis I and Genesis II, leyo zadalwa ziinkampani zabucala ababandakanyeka kukhenketho isithuba. Baye ngokusesikweni ngo-2006 no-2007 ngokulandelelanayo. Ezi zikhululo musa kugxininisa le wokuhlola yangaphandle isithuba. ukukwazi zazo eziphambili ahlukile - kukuba, kanye ukujikeleza xa isongiwe yodwa, ukuba ngokubekwa, aqalile ukwandisa kakhulu ngobukhulu.

Umfuziselo yesibini umnqongo bakulungele abenzi boluvo eziyimfuneko 22 okugada. Ngokutsho projekthi, ezilungiselelwe yi yinkampani wadala isithuthi, nawuphi na umntu kuthunyelwa kwimodyuli yesibini into encinane 295 US. Kwakhona kwi kwibhodi Genesis II kufuneka umatshini ngabadlali.

iziphumo

abafana abaninzi nje umntwana wayefuna ukuba oosomajukujuku, nangona bambalwa abayiqondayo njani lo msebenzi unzima kwaye iyingozi. Kwi-USSR, ishishini isithuba ukuba ikratshi zonke ngokuthanda uhlanga. Impumelelo zezazinzulu Soviet kulendawo emangalisayo. Zibalulekile kakhulu kwaye Kuyaphawuleka, njengoko ezi abaphandi baye oovulindlela entsimini yabo, kwafuneka ukuba bazidalele yonke yabo. Isikhululo lokuqala Orbital isithuba kwaba intuthuko. Baye wavula ixesha elitsha kuloyiso iphela. Cwangcisa of oosomajukujuku abethunyiwe nezijikeleza, basilela ukufikelela phezulu ubukhalipha negalelo ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, kuvele imfihlelo zaso.