Uphuhliso web Global okanye owasungula Internet?

Kule 50 ihlabathi yaba iinkanuko omkhulu imfazwe kunokwenzeka ne-USSR. America kwabonakala anihlasele ngenxa kwindawo yayo geographical, iye yaba bacinge nzulu malunga ithuba theoretical component yokulwa. Enye yezona iinkalo ziphambili mfuneko zomkhosi ukuba izazinzulu kwaba ukudala uthungelwano ngotshintshiselwano ngolwazi phakathi kweeyunithi kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi, ngokwemiqathango kume zizonke.

Isiphumo le mingeni iye bayalelwa qho ikhontrakthi yi-US kwiSebe lezoKhuselo ukuya kwimibutho ezine ephambili kule nkalo. Ukuphendula lo mbuzo - "? Ngubani owavela Internet ' - kufuneka icacise oko kwakuthethwa. Ukuba sithethe malunga ngukhokho Internet nje web jikelele, kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa wabaseki kwiiyunivesithi ezintathu (California, Utah, California) kunye neZiko Research in Stenforte. Yaba ukuba owadala "network miniGlobalnuyu" yokuqala - ARPANET, ngo-1957. Eyona njongo ephambili kwakunjalo ngelo xesha - ukusetyenziswa kwinethweki ezi nemibutho yophando.

Sehla umva kancinane kuthungelwano, oko kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela owasungula computer yokuqala? Emva kokuba bonke network ngelo xesha, esasidibanisa kweentambo enzima-emsebenzini, izitishi ikhompyutha (ukuba dimensions enkulu). Ngowe-1946, inkampani ENIAC luvelisa electronic computer kuthetha yokuqala yehlabathi. Kakade ke, PC yakho namhlanje yahluke kakhulu ukusuka EMU, kodwa uyasondela. Ngo-Apreli 1964, IBM likhuphe PC kaThixo thotho lamazibuko (ubukhulu nangoku encomekayo) - System 60. Noko ke, asinguye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni lwembono, ilungelo lomenzi wokuqala ukuba umatshini "jikelele" ye computer yafunyanwa Umsunguli i "intellektora" evela eOmsk Gorokhov .

Ngoku lo mfanekiso ucacile ngakumbi kwaye ukuba uphendule umbuzo - "Ngubani owavela intanethi" ingaba ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Septemba 1969 - University of California (Los Angeles) kukho okokuqala kwimbali umncedisi. Lo matshini uye wavuma yi Honeywell yaye nolwabiwo DP-516. Ngoku ke abasebenzisi "elite" baya kuba nako ukuyila nokugcina uvimba kwindawo enye. Eneneni, zama ukuba nomfanekiso-web yangoku kwihlabathi iiseva free - kuya mail abaxhasi, izibonelelo kunye neziza ngumsinga kuphela.

Ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka kwi-ofisi California Univ azame ukuba adlulisele on-line senziwa. Pundits ezifana kwenye ikhompyutha iyunivesithi ukuprinta elithi "Login". Kwaye ukuba loo nto ayikho kwixesha lokuqala, kunjalo abazange. Ukuba sithethe apho wenza i Internet on-line, kuba loo mhla. Iinkonzo Modern nenkonzo kuya kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso hayi on-line. ubhuqiweyo Umsebenzisi, kufuneka apha ngoku. Ngoko ke iingqondo inkulu ihlabathi ngenkankulu kwenzeka.

Kodwa yintoni na ofana Internet ngelo xesha? Andiwenzi emibuzo afanelekileyo, True "Ngubani owavela Internet?" - "oko kuyo?". Yaye ngokwenene into eninzi. Kule mihla, uthungelwano loo ngenkankulu unomdla umsebenzisi zesiqhelo. Kodwa abantu baye babona iimbono yaye baqonde ukuba yonke into ukuqala nje. Kuphela ngo-1971 kwakukho kwase kwenkqubo mihla ngokuthumela i-imeyile. kwangoko Abantu kakhulu waza waqala ukufumana inxaxheba kule womnatha.

Beza ARPANET ngo-1973 kwinqanaba ngamazwe. Kulo nyaka, kube uxhulumaniso lokuqala lweekhompyutha UK eNorway. Oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa intambo yothutho-Atlantic imida sefowuni. Internet siguqulwe. Baqala ukuphuhlisa i-imeyile abaxhasi (nokudalwa mailing lists), kukho ibhodi kunye AMAGQABAZA ▸ blogs zeendaba. ngoko nangoko oosomashishini baqonda ukuba oku kumgodi wegolide, waqala nje kuphela nomdla isenzeko esitsha, kodwa ukutyala kulo.

Kodwa ARPANET zange ihlale ukuphumla elide umxakatho zakhe. Ngowe-1984, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa enye indlela - NSFNet. Esi sakhiwo-kanye oyintlanganisela lothungelwano eyunivesithi baqalisa ukuthandwa. koqobo yawo - US NSF, wacinga ukuphoswa ithuba ze babukele zingakhuphisani zabo ukufumana ukuvunywa nangamanye amazwe. Ngowe-1988, kukho into efanayo kungxoxo mihla. Abantu ukubonela iziganeko elizayo, ogama lakhe ngu "Internet". Kodwa ukubuyela kukhuphiswano. Internet kunye I-World Wide Web - zizinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ngoku ngalo. Abantu kwaba lula, igama elithi "Internet", ngoko ke isihloko somzabalazo.

Uthungelwano ngoku ukubuza umbuzo "Ngubani owavela Internet?", Ungafumana igama Tim Berners-Lee. Oku impazamo, oku kwakhona ingongoma isalamane ngayo. Ngowe-1989, lo ESYAI umdwelisi nkqubo ebalaseleyo wazisa umba "isithuba ezifanayo". Kwiminyaka embalwa wayeza emva koko angenise HTTP ihlabathi, ngokusekelwe abaza kudalwa HTML. Oku ke njengesiqhelo zokuhlela kunye nomzila url. Mhlawumbi ukubonakala umgangatho nolahlo ngokubanzi, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukutshintsha, yaye emva komnye (iguquka) iprotocol womnatha ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokwenene kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo wokuzalwa "Internet eqhelekileyo".

Kwi 90 kunyaka wasekwayo ARPANET kwaphela ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi, ukunika umxakatho NSFNet. Yintoni eyabangela ukuba le - nzima ukuba baqonde. Kodwa umlando ubonisa mathuba umdla. Kwakhona qaphela ikhwelo kuqala kwi-network kulo nyaka. Ngowe-1991, kukho ibhrawuza yokuqala behlabathi "kaMoses" evela kwinkampani NCSA. Ngoku ke Internet iyafikeleleka nje kuphela, kodwa kuyaqondakala ukuba wonke. Imbali ibrawuza mhlawumbi uyazi; kuyo nayiphi na imeko - kodwa ngumba eyahlukileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kokuthandwa kwaba imfuneko ukuqhagamshela ikhompyutha yakho kwi-World Wide Web zange bade baya intetho.

Ukubuyela iimfihlelo iinkampani kunye nemveliso yazo, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba NSFNet waya izifundiswa yanikwa ngokupheleleyo ezandleni uthungelwano ngabanikezeli lwengingqi. I-Internet iye yaba isibizo esifanelekileyo, kunye nesakhiwo sayo ebekwe phantsi ngokwengingqi.

Ngoku, i-Internet - Yindlela ulwazi, leyo udlubu baphile ngokwabo.