Uncwadi ngezinto zakudala. Imbali yophuhliso. Abameli kwexesha endala

Igama elithi "Uncwadi Ancient" yaziswa okokuqala nabantu le Renaissance, leyo ebizwa ngokuba iincwadi yamandulo Greece neRoma. Lo gama Bagciniwe kula mazwe, yaye iye laziwa kudala yamandulo - ihlabathi eziphembelele lokusekwa inkcubeko yaseYurophu.

Periodization uncwadi endala

Imbali uncwadi yamandulo ikakhulu isekelwe phezu inkcubeko Greece yamandulo. Kulo mba, kukho amaxesha amathathu yophuhliso lwayo.

1. Ixesha lokuqala kuthiwa pre-classical okanye lwakudala. Uncwadi thaca yomlomo zobugcisa iintsomi, nesuka ngenxa unqulo ezintlangeni. Oku kuquka amaculo, abanophawu, amabali oothixo, uyakhalaza, amaqhalo kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi thaca lwemveli. Ixesha elibekiweyo kwexesha lokuqala akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhomba. genre Oral savela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kodwa ixesha eliqikelelwayo nasekugqityweni kwayo - yesithathu yokuqala I kwiwaka.

2. Antique iincwadi ixesha lesibini ohlala VII - IV kulo. BC. e. Ibizwa ngokuba Classic, njengoko ingqamana ngexesha uluhlu Greece le fom yamandulo yobukhoboka. Ngeli xesha, baye imisebenzi eliqela ombambazelayo kwaye luzayo, kwakunye iprozi, apho uphuhliso igalelo elikhulu zazikwazi, iingcali zefilosofi kunye mbali apho. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe BC kwekhulu V. e., leyo kuthiwa igolide. Indawo esembindini uncwadi eli xesha wathabatha yokubonela.

3. Okwesithathu, ixesha lamaGrike kwimbali iincwadi yamandulo enxulumene nophuhliso yobukhoboka. Nokufika kwefom wamajoni-monarchical lombutho amandla kukho umahluko elibukhali ubomi bomntu, nto leyo yahluke kuyaphi ekunyaniseni kwethuba yamandulo.

Eli xesha lidla iphathwa njenge ixesha ukuthotywa uncwadi. Kuyo ukwahlula kwangethuba nebakala emva Hellenism, abayithintelayo ixesha ukususela BC kwinkulungwane III. e. ku BC ngekhulu V. e. Ngeli xesha, ixesha lokuqala ibhengeze ngokwayo a uncwadi waseRoma ngezinto zakudala.

intsomi yamandulo

Isiseko kwiintsomi yamandulo ukwenza amabali malunga oothixo yamandulo, oothixo-Olympians namaqhawe.

Amavo malunga oothixo yakudala amaGrike namaRoma ngexesha xa uluntu ukuba matriarchal. Ezi oothixo babizwa chthonic, okanye osisityhakala.

Xa kuqala loothixo ngamadoda baqalisa ukukhangela njenge ebantwini. Ngeli xesha, kukho umfanekiso kaZeyus okanye Jupiter - isithixo njengowongamileyo, owayehlala kwiNtaba Olympus. Ngoko ke igama woothixo Olimpiki. Xa Ngenxa yamaGrike, ezi zidalwa kuba ukwehla engqongqo, leyo uyazigwebela umyalelo efanayo ukuba ikhona eluntwini.

Amaqhawe yeentsomi bamandulo abantu engaqhelekanga, nto leyo wabonakala ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi umntu noothixo-Olympians. Ngokomzekelo, enye idumileyo uMofokeng - unyana kaZeyus kunye Alcmene ngokwesiqhelo. KwanamaGrike ukuba ngamnye abalinganiswa unenjongo ekhethekileyo: ukucoca Umhlaba evela izilo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba Gala.

Epos

Abhalwa kwi mandulo iincwadi Epos uhlobo zimelwe ngamagama afana kaHomer kunye Virgil.

KaHomer - imbongi cishe, ekuthiwa umbhali omdala lokusinda imibongo luzayo - "The Iliad" yaye "Odyssey." Le mithombo ukuze kwakhiwe le misebenzi baba iintsomi, iingoma iintsomi namabali. imibongo enkulukazi kaHomer kaThixo zaye zabhalwa hexameters.

Virgil - imbongi ongumRoma, umbhali wombongo edume eyindumasi "Aeneid." Kulo umbhali ibalaselisa imvelaphi edume abantu baseRoma.

Tubidy umdlalo

Enye abameli edume uhlobo lyric nga kubizwa ngokuba poetess Sappho. Wasebenzisa mibala iintsomi yemveli, kodwa ndiwalusele kunye nemifanekiso ecacileyo kunye neemvakalelo ezinamandla. Luphawu poetess eyaziwayo efunyenwe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi. umsebenzi wakhe ubandakanya iincwadi ezisithoba yesihobe, kodwa ukuba wasinda amabini kuphela, anamanci imibongo kunye iindinyana lyrical.

ngomdlalo Theatrical baba enye ukonwabisa uthandwayo Greece yamandulo. uncwadi Antique i Golden Age, le meko imelwe neentlobo ezimbini eziphambili: iintlekele comedy.

Enyanisweni, le ntlekele yamandulo kwaba opera. umsunguli wayo ithathwa ekuchubekeni yamandulo Greek Aeschylus. Uye ebhalwe imidlalo ngaphezulu kwama-90, kodwa wasinda ukuba imihla yethu, esixhenxe kuphela. Enye iintlekele edume Aeschylus yi "Prometheus Bound", ogama umfanekiso isasetyenziswa nangoku ngababhali.

comedy Antique waba kujoliswe yezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, omnye abameli olu hlobo - Aristophanes - in zikwenza kubonakale ngathi zakhe "The World" yaye "Lysistrata" icekisa imfazwe phakathi Greece kunye Sparta. Comedy "Abakhweli 'ukugxekwa iintsilelo yedemokhrasi ezazikho eAthene.

Imvelaphi uhlobo iprozi

Uluhlu iincwadi yamandulo iprozi hlobo loncwadi limelwe, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, iingxoxo zikaPlato. Okubhalwe kwezi imisebenzi linikwa nezizathu kunye ingxabano phakathi interlocutors ababini, abo kufuneka ukufumana inyaniso. Eyona hero ezingundoqo iingxoxo zikaPlato yaba utitshala wakhe uSocrates. Olu hlobo lolwazi lubizwa ngokuba 'incoko kaSocrates ".

30 yaziwa uPlato iingxoxo. Eyona idumileyo ke intsomi-Atlantis, "emthendelekweni," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus."