Yintoni na ibonwe. genre Main amaqhawe

Phambi kokuba ziphendule uhlobo uyindumasi, umele ufumanise ukuba yintoni ebangela le kota. Xa zezifundo zoncwadi, lo gama idla ngokuba iziganeko eziliqela ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho uhlobo njengoko uhlobo zoncwadi. Xa zizonke, kukho amathathu, yaye ngamnye kubandakanya inani yeemveliso uhlobo efanayo intlangano yakhe intetho. Enye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo - uhlanga nganye eyahlukileyo ingqwalasela zabo intloko, injongosenzi, okanye isenzo zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa.

The main element

Iyunithi iqhosha bubonwa ngokwahlula uncwadi - ilizwi. Iyona into obuvezwa okanye iphinde izivelise kwakhona abalinganiswa incoko, okanye uvakalisa ubume isithethi ngasinye.

Ngenye indlela, ngokwesiko kukho iintlobo ezintathu uncwadi. Le drama, izibongo, enkulukazi.

hlobo loncwadi

Ukuba idrama umveza lomntu kungquzulwano nabanye, kwaye amazwi ejoliswe ibinzana iimvakalelo kunye neengcinga ze umbhali, iintlobo eyindumasi kuthetha injongo umfanekiso ngamnye lokunxibelelana kunye nehlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye.

ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe iziganeko, abalinganiswa, iimeko, imeko yezentlalo kunye zendalo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uhlobo uyindumasi kwiincwadi ezahlukeneyo enkulu ngaphezu idrama okanye izibongo. Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi ubunzulu kuvumela umbhali ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ngokweenkcazo ayiphele ndawo. Oku negalelo epithets, ezintsonkothileyo kwizindululo kuyilo, zonke iintlobo izafobe, amaqhalo, njl Oku kunye nabanye abaninzi - iinkcukacha yokomfuziselo.

genre ezinkulu amaqhawe

Ukususela bulk ukuba lo amaqhawe ziquka ezi ntlobo zilandelayo: ibonwe, inoveli kunye imisebenzi kuwa phantsi zombini iingcaciso. Leligama generic ngokungafaniyo ntlobo ezincinane ezifana ibali, ibali, njl

Ibonwe kungachazwa yi iinkcazo ezimbini:

1. ngxelo ngokubanzi, ugqaliselo apho iziganeko ezibalaseleyo zembali.

2. I-elide nezintsonkothileyo imbali, nto leyo iquka iintlobo lweziganeko kunye nabalinganiswa.

Imizekelo uhlobo yeqhawe yi "I Angawokuphumla Don" imisebenzi uncwadi Russian, MA Sholokhov and "War Noxolo" LN Tolstoy. Kuba zombini iincwadi na isakhiwo sebali iimpawu, nesigubungelo iminyaka eliqela lwedrama kwimbali yelizwe. Kwimeko yokuqala yiyo yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye War Civil, ndizitshabalalise Cossacks, ezibandakanya abalinganiswa abaphambili. ibonwe zikaTolstoy ngobomi yezikhulu ngokuchasene nentsukaphi kokuyaphula uNapoleon, iimfazwe liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, kwaye ukutshiswa eMoscow. Bobabini ababhali ingqalelo iindidi zabalinganiswa kunye ezindaweni, kwaye wenze uphawu olunye ophambili kulo msebenzi.

I inoveli, njengoko umthetho enkulukazi noko ngaphantsi xa umda kunye neenjongo zezi, kungekhona abantu abaninzi kangaka phambili. Ngokubanzi, lo gama ukuchazwa njenge "ibali prosaic eneenkcukacha malunga nobomi ophambili kunye nophuhliso ubuntu bakhe." Ngenxa ngokufumaneka kwayo nsimbi uhlobo, Kakade ke, lowo uthandwayo kule ncwadi.

Kunokuba ingcamango engacacanga yenoveli ivumela ukuba Cazulula iintlobo imisebenzi, maxa wambi zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Kukho imbono yokuba kokuvela isenzeko ngamakhoboka ( "Satyricon" ka Petronius, "Golden Eagle" Apuleius). theory Okuninzi ithandwayo ukuvela kwinoveli kwi ubudala bemilingo zokulwa. Linokuthi kuyasetyenzwa intsomi enkulukazi intsomi okanye ezincinane ( "Romance of Renard").

Ukuqhubeka nophuhliso uhlobo kwi kwiilwimi zesiNtu. Aya kufika kwinkulungwane XIX. Yaba ngeli xesha ukudala ezakudala ezifana Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, F. Dostoevsky. Imisebenzi ye wokugqibela ezikwabizwa ngokuba kwinoveli engqondweni njengoko Dostoevsky ifikelele eziphakamileyo eningenakukholwa kwi inkcazelo kwiimo ingqondo, iimvakalelo kunye neengcinga zabalinganiswa zakhe. Kuba oluthi "psychological" nayo ingadityaniswa Stendhal.

Okunye sub-neentlobo: bulumko, imbali, imfundo, fiction, romance, inoveli adventure, Utopia, njalo-njalo ..

Ukongeza, kukho ukuhlelwa iinoveli ngokwamazwe. Zonke ezi ntlobo njengoko ibonwe. Sengqondo, indlela yokuphila kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi wenza Russian, izenzakalo iinoveli waseFrance American ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.

izinto ezincinci

Ngokutsho ukuhlelwa kulo kwisizukulwana iincwadi, ukuba lo amaqhawe ziquka ezi ntlobo zilandelayo - kwinoveli kunye umbongo. Ezi ziganeko zibini zimele indlela malunga nobuchule phakathi ababhali.

Story ethatha indawo oluphakathi phakathi kwinoveli kunye neefom ezincinane. Lo msebenzi lisibekele ixesha elifutshane, kukho umlinganiswa esingundoqo. Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba ngenkulungwane XIX kwilizwe lethu wabiza novellas kunye namabali amafutshane, njengoko kodwa bengazi ulwimi elide enjalo Russian. Ngamanye amazwi, ekubeni ithetha nayiphi na imveliso leyo ingaphantsi ngokoMthetho kwinoveli. Xa ukugxeka angaphandle zoncwadi, umzekelo, e IsiNgesi, ibinzana elithi "inoveli" nelithi ibinzana elithi "kwinoveli» elifutshane (inoveli emfutshane). Ngamanye amazwi - ibali elifutshane. Ulwahlulo yale meko uncwadi iyafana naleyo isetyenziselwa phakathi iinoveli.

Ukuba ibali ibhekisela iprozi, kwimibongo ngaxeshanye kuyo kukho umbongo, nto leyo kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba nemveliso yobungakanani avareji. ifomu vesi kuquka ibali uphawu abaseleyo lo amaqhawe, kodwa kananjalo iimpawu zayo lula ukuluqonda. Olu phando ubuntu, liphele iqhayiya, imvakalelo enzulu umlinganiswa.

njengalo, imizekelo apho zifumaneka kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, kwavela kudala. A uhlobo reference indawo nga ngokuba lyric ingoma nabalinganiswa uyindumasi agcinwe, ezinje ngohlobo neengoma zamaGrike amandulo kunye nom. Xa eminye imisebenzi enjalo zoncwadi baye okufana ekuqaleni iinkcubeko aphakathi nesiJamani kunye aseScandanavia. Kananjalo oku, yaye epics, ie ibonwe Russian. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uhlobo oyindumasi bali yaba ngumqolo nentsika yayo yonke uhlobo. Umbongo kunye nezakhi zayo - eziphambili ntlobo ibonwe.

Yoncwadi mihla, umbongo, inoveli sasesiwuyeka isikhundla lubalaseleyo.

ifomu amancinci

Cinga ntlobo ezincinane enkulukazi. Ukuba umbhali uchaza iziganeko ngokwenene asebenzise izinto eziyinyaniso, imveliso leyo kuthathwa ukuba isincoko. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo material kusenokuba zobugcisa okanye publicistic.

neentlobo Epic kwaye ziquka portrait umzobo. Onamava ezinjalo, umbhali kuqala uphonononga iingcinga kunye nobuntu hero. Ihlabathi esiphila idlala indima lesibini, yaye inkcazelo yayo kuxhomekeke kule ngxaki esisiseko. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa mfanekiso kunye nenkcazelo buqu esekelwe kwi zigaba eziyintloko ubomi kwento.

Ukuba lo mfanekiso - ngamava yokuluka, isincoko eziyingxaki uthathwa yinxalenye lobuntatheli. Olu hlobo incoko, ingxoxo kunye umfundi ngesihloko esithile. umsebenzi yombhali - ukuchonga ingxaki kwanokunikezela iimbono zabo kulo meko. amanqaku Ezo zizele amaphephandaba kunye kweempepha ngokubanzi na, ngenxa ubunzulu lwabo ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo yintatheli kufanelekile.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye izincoko zokuhamba, owayebonakele phambi kwabanye, yaye kubonakala iincwadi Russian wecawa. Umzekelo, kulo mzobo ka Pushkin kunye "Journey ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow" A. Radishcheva wamngenisa kuye udumo ukungafi. Ngoncedo lokubhala umdla umbhali uzama ukulungisa okuvelayo yakhe oko akubona endleleni. Le nto yenza Radishchev, akoyiki athi ngqo malunga nobomi abangcangcazelisi ngamakhoboka kunye abasebenzi bahlangana endleleni yakhe.

iintlobo enkulukazi kwiincwadi wasondeza ibali. Le fom elula kakhulu ukufikelela kuzo zombini kombhali kunye nomfundi. Imisebenzi ye iincwadi Russian kwi uhlobo webali wenza ihlabathi edume AP YaseChekhov. Nangona elula ibonakale, oko ngamaphepha nje ezimbalwa ukuyila imifanekiso omkhulu zafakwa kwinkcubeko yethu ( "Indoda Case", "nasebubini", njalo njalo).

Ibali lihambisana elithi "inoveli", ababevela emkhosini waloo ulwimi Italian. Kwaye ngoko, omnye phezu linyathelo lokugqibela ukubhala ngokomthamo (ngokulandelelana emva kwinoveli kunye ebalini). Ababhali osebenza kakhulu olu hlobo,-ebizwa ngokuba cyclization uphawu, okanye upapasho isebenza koonondaba kwimo yesiqhelo, kunye nengqokelela.

Kuba ibali luphawulwa isakhiwo esilula: isakhiwo sebali, uvuthondaba, utyhilo. A Uphuhliso iyelenqe yomgama lidla exutywe kunye ilenze okanye iziganeko (ekuthiwa nepiyano grand kwi kwamatyholo) engalindelekanga. A efanayo sele esinobunzima nkqu uncwadi kwenkulungwane XIX. Iingcambu sebali - a sentsomi okanye iintsomi yeqhawe. Umqulu zamaqhawe basentsomini baba aziwa ngalo mba. Umzekelo, "A neShumi Enye ebusuku" yaba odumileyo kuphela Arabhu, kodwa ukubonisa ezinye iinkcubeko.

Ingaba kufutshane ekuqaleni Renaissance e-Italy waba incwadi ethandwayo "The Decameron" peni Dzhovanni Bokachcho. Kuyinto le amabali amafutshane zimisele umoya omawulawule ngethuba uhlobo ezaziwa bali eyaba eqhelekileyo emva kwethuba ezimbejembeje.

ERashiya, uhlobo ibali yathandwa ngelo xesha sentimentalism ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, kubandakanya umsebenzi NM Karamzin, no VA Zhukovsky.

Epic njenge uhlobo elizimeleyo

Ngokwahlukileyo uhlobo boncwadi le triad kanye "idrama, izibongo, eyindumasi," kukho ixesha ayemxinwa, ukuthetha malunga amaqhawe nje ibali, licebo apho buyasuswa elidlulileyo kude. Kulo mzekelo, kuquka isethi yemifanekiso, nganye kudala umfanekiso yalo ihlabathi, yahlukile kwinkcubeko nganye. Indima ibalulekileyo edlalwe imisebenzi enjalo amaqhawe ibonwe yesizwe.

Ukuthelekisa ukuba neemboniselo ezimbini ngale meko, hi nga vula amazwi edume Russian sobulumko nenkcubeko ingcali MM Bakhtin. Ukwahlula amaqhawe ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo zikude inoveli, wazisa amanqaku amathathu:

1. Ngokuxhomekeke ye lo amaqhawe - kazwelonke,-ebizwa ngokuba elidlulileyo ingundoqo, malunga apho kungekho bungqina ngqo. Le walithiywa "lungundoqo" sathathwa imisebenzi Schiller kunye Goethe.

2. Lo mthombo lo amaqhawe - yiyo isithethe kuphela kazwelonke, kungekhona kumava, ukusuka apho ababhali kudala iincwadi zabo. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ze intsomi epics ziqulathe izikhombisi amaninzi ukuze bangafi kunye kaThixo, kangangokuba akukho nobunye ubungqina obuziimpepha.

3. ihlabathi enkulukazi akunanto yakwenza langoku kunye zikude kuye.

Zonke ezi ngongoma zenze kube lula ukuphendula umbuzo malunga uhlobo imveliso okanye nayiphi na inxalenye uhlobo yeqhawe.

iingcambu uhlobo kufuneka wafuna kuMbindi Mpuma. impucuko yamandulo kwavela phakathi umEfrate imilambo neTigris, abe nezinga eliphezulu inkcubeko kunokuba kunye nabamelwane balo. Ukulinywa komhlaba, kukuvela kwezibonelelo, ukuvela yorhwebo - konke oku uvela nje ulwimi, ngaphandle apho ayikwazi ukuba uncwadi, kodwa wadala kananjalo nesizathu sokuba kokuqalisa impixano wamajoni, licebo yona sisiseko emisebenzini yamaqhawe.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX bezinto zakudala baseBritani baye bafumanisa isixeko samandulo eNineve, ebeyinalo inkcubeko-Asiriya. Kukho kwakhona ukuba amacwecwe odongwe, equlethe wafumana amabali ezimbalwa ezazithe saa. Kamva bakwazi ukudibanisa kwimveliso enye - "Epic kaGilgamesh". Kwaba abhalwe ngoonobumba kwaye namhlanje ingqalelo umzekelo zindala kuhlobo yayo. Dating ikuvumela ukuba uyise XVIII - eminyaka XVII BC

Xa iziko Yingxelo Iintsomi demigod kaGilgamesh kunye ibali amaphulo akhe, kwakunye ubuhlobo nezinye izidalwa zomoya iintsomi isiAkkadia.

Omnye umzekelo ebalulekileyo yamandulo, nto leyo evumela ukuba uphendule umbuzo malunga neentlobo ezi luzayo - esebenza kaHomer. Emibini kumbongo yakhe ebonga - "The Iliad" yaye "Odyssey" - zezona ezikhumbuzo kakhulu samandulo inkcubeko yamaGrike amandulo kunye noncwadi. Abalinganiswa le misebenzi - hayi kuphela oothixo Olympus, kodwa ngamagorha onokufa, imizekeliso leyo kwizizukulwana igcinwe intsomi yeqhawe. "Iliad" yaye "Odyssey" - AMAGQABAZA ▸ ikamva imibongo yobuqhawe zamaXesha Aphakathi. Ubukhulu becala elinye icebo ngalinye ilifa wokwakha ndinilangazelela ibali eyimfihlakalo. It phenomenon ngakumbi ifikelela kuphuhliso yayo ubuninzi kunye nokusasazwa.

amaqhawe ephakathi

Eli gama libhekisela luzayo ngokuyintloko, imizekelo apho inokufumaneka eYurophu phakathi impucuko zamaKristu okanye abahedeni.

Kukho kwakhona esihambelanayo kudidi lwamaxesha. kwisiqingatha sokuqala - umsebenzi abanemvume ekuqaleni. Kakade ke, lo Saga, ekhohlo ukuya kuthi ziintlanga aseScandinavia. Ukuya kutsho kwinkulungwane XI, i Vikings ngomkhombe kweelwandle eYurophu, ukuphanga othathe, wasebenza njengoko mercenaries kwi njengookumkani owadalwa yakowazo kwilizwekazi liphela. Le isiseko ethembisayo, ndawonye nokholo yobuhedeni yaye yonk 'oothixo avunyelwe avele zesikhumbuzo ezinjalo iincwadi, njengoko "Völsunga Saga", "Saga Ragner nebrukhwe ngesikhumba", njl -Ukumkani nganye yashiya ibali zobuqhawe. Uninzi basinda ku maxesha ethu.

inkcubeko yaseScandinavia nempembelelo abamelwane. Umzekelo, kwi-Anglo-amaSaxons. Lo mbongo "Beowulf" wadalwa phakathi kwenkulungwane VIII kunye X. imigca 3182 kuwuvakalisa Vikings ozukileyo kuqala uba konung, uze laloyisa ngwenya Grendel, unina, kunye nenamba.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini bobabo lolawulo kuphuhliswa feudalism. Oku French "Ingoma Roland", i isiJamani "Song of the Nibelungs", njl Into emangalisayo kukuba iqhekeza ngalinye kunika uluvo lokuba le inqubo eyodwa kwabantu.

Ziziphi Iintlobo zibandakanywa oyindumasi eli xesha? Ubukhulu becala ke umbongo, kodwa kukho imisebenzi zemibongo, apho kukho inxalenye ulwimi ebhaliweyo iprozi. Umzekelo, oku okufana namabali Irish ( "I Saga Idabi Mag Turied", "The Book of Ukoyisa Irish", "yeembali ezine Masters", njalo njalo).

Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwala maqela mabini kukho isikali lwemibongo aphakathi yabonisa iziganeko. Ukuba ezikhumbuzo kwinkulungwane XII. Wayethetha lonke elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko, iqulunqe iminyaka feudalism into esibalisayo uba isiganeko esithile (umz, impi).

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi awazalelwa kuyo yobuciko "yobuqhawe" ephakathi eYurophu. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, oku yaba isiseko ingoma uhlobo cantilenas eqhelekileyo ngenkulungwane VII. Lweli lo mbono yaba Gaston Paris - umphengululi odumileyo French zamaXesha Aphakathi. Cantilena wabiza amabali ezincinane malunga noku okanye eso siganeko ngembali, nxiba isakhiwo elula zomculo (ubukhulu becala kwezwi).

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, le "kwiimvuthuluka" kwadityaniswa ibe yinto enkulu ngokubanzi. Ngokomzekelo, xa ilivo kaKumkani Arthur, eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu UK Celtic. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ifilimu wesizwe ekugqibeleni zadityaniswa omnye. Kwimeko Arthur wabonakala iinoveli "kumjikelo Breton." Eyangena zonke iintlobo izifundo Chronicle, sidalwe nezigodlo. Ekubeni amabali semi-wasentsomini yaba inyaniso obubhaliweyo. Round Table Knights zisabangela elininzi mpikiswano kwi kwisifundo leyinene nenyani.

Isizathu engundoqo ngexesha le hlobo loncwadi Christian Yurophu yaloo maxesha ingqalelo le ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma, ukwandiswa kwenkqubo ngamakhoboka kunye ukuvela feudalism, leyo yayisekelwe inkonzo yomkhosi umbusi wabo.

amaqhawe Russian

zobuciko Russian got ixesha layo ngolwimi lwethu - "ibonwe". Inkoliso yabo zidluliselwa ngomlomo ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, yaye ezo zintlu namhlanje simelwe kwiimyuziyam mazigqithiselwe textbooks and readers, thelekisa XVII - kwiinkulungwane XVIII.

Noko ke, iintlobo ifilimu wesizwe eRashiya waba ngexesha layo kwi IX -. Iinkulungwane XIII, ie phambi ayehlasela Mongols. Kwaye ke eli xesha iboniswe inkoliso yemisebenzi yoncwadi yale hlobo.

Iimpawu uhlobo luzayo amanga neqiniso ukuba Yindibanisela ngumKristu kunye nezithethe zobuhedeni. Amaxesha amaninzi ezinjalo interlacing kuthintela mbali ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezithile uhlobo ngumlinganiswa ethile isenzeko.

abalinganiswa eziphambili imisebenzi enjalo - amaqhawe - amaqhawe lo amaqhawe yesizwe. Ingakumbi kuboniswe ngokucacileyo epics zomjikelo Kiev. Enye umfanekiso adibeneyo - Prince Vladimir. Amaninzi, icebisa ukuba phantsi eli gama Uyayifihla umbhaptizi of Rus. Oku, simenza ingxabano evelileyo ibonwe apho Russian. Inkoliso abaphandi bayavuma ukuba epics badalwa engasezantsi Kievan Rus ', kanti impangele zaye kushwankathelwa amakhulu ambalwa.

Kakade ke, indawo ekhethekileyo oothixo yesizwe zoncwadi ithatha "Lay." Le oqingqiweyo inkcubeko yamandulo Slavic esazisa nje kuphela sebali eziphambili - iphulo akuphumelelanga ngamanene mhlaba Polovtsian, kodwa Liquka umfanekiso kwehlabathi olubiyele abahlali Russia ngaloo minyaka. Eyokuqala neentsomi neengoma. Wobuciko sishwankathela iimpawu ngeentlobo yeqhawe. Kubaluleke kakhulu "lizwi" ukusuka kwindawo yokucingela Ezolimi.

yalahlekelwa

incoko Yahlula ifanelwe okwakufudula kusenzeka mandulo, hayi esekhona namhlanje. Isizathu iba ukungabi obulula ikopi ebhalwe ngayo le ncwadi. Njengoko kudla ilivo bawela phantsi ngomlomo ngokuhamba kwexesha bafumane emininzi ezingachanekanga, ingakumbi embi kwaphela ulibele. A lot yemibongo alahlekelwe bubo ngenxa yemililo rhoqo, iimfazwe kunye nezinye iintlekele.

Khankanya izinto ezingcwele ezilahlekileyo elidlulileyo inokufumaneka imithombo yamandulo. Ngenxa yoko, i-Roman neciko uCicero nkqu BC I kwekhulu Wakhalaza kwiincwadi zakhe ukuba ziye nobutyobo ezilahlekileyo ulwazi malunga amaqhawe edume aloo mzi neenduli ezisixhenxe - Romulus, Regula, Coriolanus.

Amaxesha amaninzi ezilahlekileyo imibongo e ngeelwimi abafileyo, njengoko kungekho media babenokudlulisela inkcubeko yabo nokulondoloza ukukhunjulwa elidlulileyo, abantu. Nazi uluhlu nje encinci yale iintlanga; turduly, Gauls, Huns, ngamaGoth, Lombards.

Xa imithombo Greek kukho iimbekiselo ukuba iincwadi, uqobo lweleta angazange yafunyanwa okanye yagcinwa iziqwenga. Oku "titanomachy", isixelela ntoni edabini woothixo kunye Titans phambi ubukho boluntu. Phezu kwalo, yena, okhankanywe kwiincwadi zakhe Plutarch, owayehlala ekuqaleni xesha lethu.

Wehlile kakhulu kwimithombo ye-Minoan impucuko, awayehlala eKrete yaphela emva sehlelwe twisisaka. Ngokukodwa, oko ibali wolawulo lukakumkani uMinos.

isiphelo

Zeziphi iintlobo na lo amaqhawe? Okokuqala, oko ephakathi kunye neencwadi yakudala, leyo zisekelwe sebali kunye iimbekiselo zonqulo zobuqhawe.

Njengoko ibonwe iyonke - le yenye iintlobo ezintathu zoncwadi. Oku kuquka epics, iinoveli, amabali, imihobe, amabali, izincoko.