Umgaqo weshintsho. Uphi i-switchboard. Yintoni umqhubi kwimoto

Ukutshintshwa kwezixhobo zoshishino ezingafumaneka ngokwahlukileyo okanye zibe yinxalenye yenkqubo ethile yekhompyutha.

Umgaqo weshintsho ukukhetha isiphaluka zombane oyifunayo kwaye uqhagamshele kwisiphaluli sokufaka.

Ukutshintsha kwamhlanje kungabalulekanga-, kabini okanye kumanqanaba amaninzi kunye nemo yexakeka yokusebenza. I-Multichannel inikeza ukuthembeka okukhulu kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo apho iqhosha lidibene khona. Ifoto yesinye sezixhobo zalolu hlobo luchazwe ngezantsi.

Kwiimoto kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza, umtshini luhlobo lwe-microcomputer oluvelisa kwaye lusetyenzise ukuqhuma kwangoku kwikhoyili yokutshabalalisa (kwintlambo ebeka umlilo kwi-motor).

Kwiinkcukacha zekhompyutha, kukho izixhobo zokutshintsha, umzekelo, i-ethernet. Umgaqo wokutshintsha kwe-ethernet kukuba xa iipakethi ifika kwidilesi ethile, ithola indawo yayo kwaye ithumele ipakethi kuyo loo mse benzisi. Nangona ezinye iifayili zihambisa ulwazi kuzo zonke izibuko.

Iyiphi into ejoliswe kuyo?

Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kwaye zifakwe kwizithuthi njengabashicileli, ukutshintsha okanye ukutshintsha.

Umgaqo weshintsho ufana ne-electronic, electromechanical, kunye neefowuni zee-electron.

Injongo yotshintshi ukulawula iirantshi zekhoyili yokutshabalalisa, ukuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zentshukumo yokuvumelanisa.

Kwi sithuthi, isiphaluka apho utshintshi lukhona lwenza umsebenzi womhloli wendlela yokutshitshiswa kombane, ngokuzenzekelayo ulungise ixesha lokutshisa kunye nokunye xa uguqule inkqubo yombane ukusuka kwipetroli ukuya kwigesi.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Kwinkqubo yokutshabalalisa imoto yokuqala , ukhetho lokutshaya ibhetri lusetshenziswe, olusebenza ngokomgaqo wokuzicwangcisa. Esi sicwangciso somsebenzi sithintele emotweni ixesha elide, de kubekwe izinto ezintsha. Benza ukuba kube lula ukuphucula idivaysi kwaye ngexesha elifanayo balondoloze kanye umgaqo weshintsho.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sixhobo kwakunokudalwa kwe-analog yayo ye-elektroniki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitshixo ezisekelwe ngabalawuli be-transistors ukulawula ngokuzenzekelayo okwangoku kuhamba kwikhoyili yokutshisa. Ukusebenza kwe-EMP kuhleli, kwaye kunye nezihluthulelo, umthwalo osetyenziswe kumaqela oqhagamshelwano we-breaker wancitshiswa, kwaye okwangoku kuqhutywe kwi-coil winding kwanda.

Ukuqaliswa kwale mveliso yezobugcisa kwanika iziphumo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuzinza kweyunithi yokutshabalalisa kwaphuculwe kakhulu;
• Ukuphathwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo ngokungaphazamiseki ngokunyuka kwejinjini ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kokuhamba;
• Umlinganiselo wokunyanzeliswa wanda .

Ukuqhubela phambili kwisakhiwo sitshintshi saqala ukusebenzisa:

• Iiprotiti zeTyristor;
• Izinto eziguqukayo;
• Izixhobo ezingenakunxibelelana;
• Iisekethe ezisekhompyutheni.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi nxalenye kumatshini okutshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo kwandise umgangatho weemoto kwaye wenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwebhethri.

Inyaniso yokuba ukutshintsha kombane kuye kwafakwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwezithuthi kuye kwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukutshintshela umnqamlezi wombane nge-sensor engaxhunyekanga emva kwexesha. Isixhobo sokuqala sasiyi-switch VAZ, ukutshaya okusekelwe ekusebenziseni i-Hall sensor.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwakukudala izixhobo zamashishini amaninzi, kwaye ke ukufakela inkqubo ehlukeneyo equkethe ishintsho kunye nekhoyili, eyenziwe kwikhandlela ngalinye. Oku kunika izibonelelo zalo:

• I-spark enamandla kakhulu iphuhlisiwe;
• Ukulawulwa ukunciphisa, kwaye ukuphelisa ilahleko kwi-trambler;
• Kwakunokwenzeka ukuphumeza isilonda esizinzileyo kwizinto ezingenzi lutho;
• Ngokukhawuleza kuyehla ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi;
• Kwiqondo elisezantsi, ukuqala kwe-injini kuye kwaphucula.

Ukusebenza kwesixhobo

Umgaqo weshintsho ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza isiphaluka kunye neenjini zokujikeleza kwaye ulawulo lwamasebe kwi-coil yomlilo.

Inyaniso kukuba iimpawu ezivela kwiintsholongwane zokujikeleza zibuthathaka, okanye i-analog kwaye ayinakunceda ukuyisebenzisa. Ngoko ke, kwisicelo kwinkqubo yolawulo, akufuneki kuphela ukwenza, kodwa iyakwandisa, ize idlulisele kwi-coil yokuqala, evumela ukutshintsha kwe-speed speed.

Izixhobo ezininzi ziyakwazi ukulawula nokutshintsha ii-coil ezininzi zomlilo.

Indawo

Isakhiwo, ishintshi sinokudibaniswa neyunithi yokulawula injini yekhompyutheni, kunye nezibonakaliso zokulawula ezivela ngqo ngqo kwikhoyili yokutshabalalisa.

Ukuba idizayini injalo ukuba idivayisi ifumaneka ngokwahlukileyo, ingafakwa:

• Kwi-distributor yokutshaya, njengoko kuVAZ;
• Kwiindawo ezikufuphi kwikhoyili yomlilo;
• Ngokwahlukileyo phezu kweso sinyithi ukuphunyezwa kwentshona yokushisa, ngokomzekelo, kwiphiko okanye ukwahlula phantsi kwe-hood, njenge "Ford";
• Ephantse kwiyunithi yokulawula i-elektroniki kunye nokunye.

Umzekelo, utshintsho "i-Audi" lufumaneka phantsi kwe-windshield kwi-injini kwigumbi lokungena kwamanzi. Kukho izixhobo zokuxilonga.

Iintlobo zokutshintsha

Kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zeemoto nezithuthuthu zilandelayo:

• Ifowuni ene-high-voltage eyakhiweyo kwi-generator-DC CDI;
• Ukutshintsha okusebenzayo kuphela phambi kohlobo olongezelelweyo lwamandla ombane - CDI ye-AC;
• I-coil-commutator.

Utshintshi uhlobo lwe-DC luninzi olusebenzayo ngenxa yokunxibelelana okulula, banokuxhumana abane kuphela kwimeko: i-Hall sensor, minus, kunye ne-coil yomlilo.

Ezi zixhobo zinamanani amaninzi:

• Ngaphandle kwesantya esiphezulu sevini okanye kunye nayo;
• Kungenzeka ukuba utshintshe izigaba zokuqhubela phambili;
• Kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo-ukufumaneka kwamaqela oqhagamshelwano olongezelelweyo.

Utshintshi lwe-AC luhluke kwizinto zokuqala ukuba abayidingi ukuhlala kwimizi yombane, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuxhuma. Kananjalo banamanani amancinci kwaye, ngoko ke, isakhiwo esilula. Ngenxa yoko, abanalo i-limit limit speed, eyanciphisa ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa koomatshini.

Ukutshintshela i-coil yintsikelelo enomdla kakhulu, engafundanga kwaye ayibonakaliyo. Badibanisa i-coil yomlilo kunye ne-element switching, kwaye akanakho i-Hall sensor.

Umgaqo wezenzo zabo kukuphazamisa okwangoku, ohamba nge-transformer high-voltage nge-coil-winding-coil. Ukuphazamiseka kuyenziwa ngumtshintshi woqhagamshelwano, osebenzayo ngumtsalane wokuhambisa umbane.

Inkqubo nge-switch mechanic ineziphumo ezingalindelekanga:

1. Ngenxa yokuhamba ngokugqithiseleyo kwamanzi kwi-coil eyona nto ihamba phambili, i-spark ivame ukuveliswa kwi-breaker, ekhokelela kumonakalo kubafowunelwa: ziyancibilika kwaye zitshiswa.
2. Kwixesha elibandayo nelamanzi, oonxibelelwano baxhomekeke kwi-electrochemical erosion.
3. Okwangoku ophezulu kwiintlobo zoqhagamshelwano zikhokelela ekubeni ubude bentsholongwane buhlala bufutshane, oku kubangela ukungatshatyalali kwamanzi kunye nokusebenza kweenjini ezingenakuzinza kwi-rpm ephantsi. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zomxube ophuculweyo kuyadingeka.

Ukupheliswa kwale mpazamo kwaba lula ngokufika kwamashishini aphezulu aphezulu kunye nokudala iinkqubo zokutshabalalisa i-electronics.

Abanye abaqhubi bazama ukuphucula iimpawu zobugcisa zesithuthi ngokufaka indawo yokutshatyalaliswa kombane kunye nenkqubo yokutshabalalisa engenakuqhagamshelana kumzekelo omtsha. Oku kubiza kwaye kudla ixesha, kuba ufuna ukutshintsha inkqubo yokutshaya ngokupheleleyo kwaye uthenge ukutshintsha kombane. Ukongezelela, akusoloko kunokwenzeka ukufumana inguqulelo entsha yokutshintshwa kokutshintsha okufanelekileyo kumdala.

Nangona kunjalo, nangona umtshini olula udibene phakathi kwekhoyili yomlilo kunye nomntu odibanisa naye kwi-transistor enamandla, kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ngokuphawulekayo umgangatho wenkqubo yokutshabalalisa imoto:

• Abafowunelwa be-breaker abayi kuncibilika ngenxa yokunciphisa okwangoku;
• Ubungakanani bentlawulo ye-spark iya kwanda malunga nesiqingatha, nto leyo eya kubangela ukutshabalalisa okungcono kwamafutha;
• Inkqubo inokuhlala ibuyiselwa kwinguqulo yangaphambili ngokuguqulwa kwakhona kwe-wire xa kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka komtshintshi kwi-transistor.

Iintlobo zokutshintsha

Zikhona ezi zilandelayo:

• Umgangatho (isitokisi);
• I midlalo;
• Ngethuba lokuguqula izigaba zokuqhubela phambili.

Umgangatho , obizwa nangokuthi isitokisi, ukutshintshwa kuphakanyiswe ngumenzi, ngoko kubalwa kwiiparitha zezixhobo apho kufakwa khona. Oku ke kunika isiqinisekiso sokuthi injini iya kusebenza ngokuthembeka, kwezoqoqosho kunye nexesha elide. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutshintshwa okunjalo kuxhotyiswe ngabaxinzeli bezantya, kungekuphela kuphela okulondolozayo ubomi bomqhubi, kodwa nokugcina ukugcinwa kwama-aggregates kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza.

Umtshini wezemidlalo uklanyelwe ukwandisa umda ophezulu wejinjini. Kufakwe endaweni yokukhetha umqhubi oqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukwenza indawo enjalo kufuneka iingcali kuphela, ekubeni kunye nale fowuni kuyimfuneko ukuba ithathe indawo yezinye iinkcukacha. Ukuba awukwenzi oku okanye ukwenza i-clumsily, izixhobo zesistim aziyi kusebenza ngokuchanekileyo de injini iya kupheka ngokukhawuleza.

Ukongezelela, kwanokuba utshintsho olusisiseko lomdlalo wezemidlalo oluqhelekileyo longeza umngcipheko omkhulu wengozi ukuba isithuthi siqhutywa ngumqhubi ongenamava. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukwenza izinto ezinjalo ngokucophelela, ukuqonda umngcipheko ozayo, ngakumbi xa ufaka umtshini onjalo kwi-scooter. Enyanisweni, ilumkiso luhlala lufuneka.

Umgaqo wokutshintshwa kwenguqu ekutshatyalaliswa kwexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kukuba kuhlawulela amandla angekhoyo kuloo mimandla yezantya, apho kuyimfuneko, kwaye ulungelelanise umlenze wekhava lomthamo. Oku kunikeza inzuzo ngokugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo xa kuthelekiswa nokutshintshela okuqhelekileyo kunye neendlela ezinokufanisana zeenjini kwizantya ezahlukeneyo.

Ziziphi iimpazamo

Iimpawu ukuba inkqubo yokutshabalalisa ayisebenzi kakuhle okanye kukho ukungasebenzi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Akukho ziphazamiso kwikhandlela, injini ayifuni;
• Injini iqala, kodwa emva kwexesha elincinci;
• Ukusebenza kwenjini yemoto kungasebenzi kakuhle, kungabandakanyi kwaye kuyinto eqhelekileyo xa ithatha indawo yenguqu ekhuselekile yokuncedisa.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimpazamo zombane zenzeka kwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Isigqeba esifutshane ngenxa yokulayishwa komthwalo omnye okanye zombini iipilisi eziphambili zekhoyili yokutshabalalisa;
• Ukungaphumeleli ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo ephezulu yamandla.

Indlela yokujonga umsebenzi

Ukuze uvavanye ukusebenza kweso sixhobo, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezidumile. Ngokukodwa, oku kufuna:

• Indlela elula kakhulu kwisigaba sokuqala ukubuyisela ifowuni ngolwazi kwaye uqhathanise nesiphumo;
• Khangela ukuba i-voltage supply isetyenziswe kwii-terminals zesixhobo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokwenza oku: i-voltmeter kunye nomthwalo;
• Ngokuncedwa kwe-oscillogram ukujonga ukuchaneka kwefom ye-signal egxininisayo ekutshintsheni;
• Ngendlela efanayo hlola ubungakanani bomqondiso wesiphumo;
• Ukuba ipaneli yecandelo emotweni ifakwe i-voltmeter, uvavanyo luya kwenziwa ngokubonakalayo, emva kwesilinganisi sayo. Ukwenza oku, ukutshaya kwitshintshiweyo, ngeli xesha ixabiso lokuqeshiswa kwi-indicator kufuneka libe malunga ne-12V, kwaye umtshintshi uthatha ixesha lokuthatha umbane. Emva kokuba umbane uphendulelwe, ibhulobho iyayeka ixesha elifutshane, ize idlule malunga ne-millimeter ukuya ngasekunene kwaye iyeke. Ukuphulwa kwesi sihlandlo kubonisa ukungaphumeleli kokusebenza komtshini;
• Kwakhona uhlolisise ukusebenza komlilo, ungasebenzisa ukulawula-imoto evamile - ibhola elikhanyayo. Enye yezonxibelelwano zayo ixhunyiwe kumthwalo, kwaye yesibini kwimveliso yekhoyili, exhunyiwe kwisigxina somqhubi. Ukuba umtshintshi usemgangathweni, xa utshaya lushintsha, i-bulb iya kutshintsha kwaye ikhanyise ngexesha;
• Kwakhona ukulawula umbane, ukuba iphoso ayixhunyiwe kumtshintshi, kufuneka uhlolisise iifowuni, izikhonkwane kunye nezixhumi, kwaye uhlolisise inzwa yeHolo.

Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba ukutshintsha okusetyenziswe ngabavoli be-generator akunakusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo eziqulethe i-Hall sensor. Kuyafana kunye nangokwempela.

Indlela ulungiso olulungiswa ngayo

Esi sixhobo sinendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokutshabalalisa imoto. Umgaqo weshintsho unjalo ukuba xa ehluleka ukuqala injini yomatshini ayisebenzi.

Nangona kunjalo, ukulungiswa kwiimeko ezininzi akunakwenzeka, kwaye ifowuni kufuneka ithathelwe endaweni, ngoko ayiyi kuba yinto enqabileyo yokuba nomqhubi naye insimbi ekhuselekile eneenkonzo.

Scooter switchboard

Njengomthetho, ngesiTshayina nakwabaninzi bamaJapan, inkqubo yombanezelo esekelwe kuma-capacitors isetyenziswe. Umsebenzi we-condenser kukuba emva kokuqala imoto, amandla aqokelele kuwo, kwaye xa kufikelelwe umbane ofunekayo, ngoku uhamba nge-thyristor yakho kwikhoyili, apho iguqulwa ibe yintliziyo edlulayo kwi-inlet engama-60-200, ekhokelela ekuqaleni kwenjini ye-scooter.

Ummeli oqhelekileyo weskripthi esine-voltage-storage stock capacitor yi-Honda Dio AF 34. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kukuba i-spark ihlala iveliswa ngamandla athile, ekhokelela ekuzinzeni kwinkqubo yokuqalisa injini.

Kodwa ngenxa yokuba abaninzi abantu baxhamla inkqubo yokutshabalalisa iqulethi ngokubanzi kwenkqubo yokubonelela kombane, xa kunesiphaluka sayo esifutshane okanye ukugqithisa umtshini kuphuma umyalelo wokuqala. Ngoko ke, kunengqiqo ekufumaneni i-scooter ukuba iqwalasele loo mizekelo apho ukuxhunywa komtshini kunye neyunithi yokutshabalalisa iqhutywe yisekethe yombane ozimele. Umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kweli phepha kuya kuncipha.