Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Denver chromosome uhlobo njengesiseko karyotyping
Zonke izinto eziphilayo eziba iiseli iseti ethile genetic material. Xa iiseli eukaryotic, ukuba limelwe zofuzo. Ukunenzela lula, accounting kunye nophando lwenzululwazi nokumisa karyotype usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Uqhelene neendlela ngokulandelelanisa genetic material yi mzekelo zofuzo zabantu.
Ukwahlukanisa zofuzo zabantu
Karyotype - kugcwalisa chromosomal (diploid), ibekwe naziphi na iiseli somatic. It luphawu kumzimba kunye ngokufanayo kuzo zonke iiseli ngaphandle besini.
Chromosome karyotype zezi:
- autosomes, hayi ahlukeneyo abantu ngokwesini;
- sex (chromosome isincedisi) yahluke kubume kwizilwanyana ze ngokwesini.
iiseli yabantu ziqulathe DNA NS 46, apho 22 izibini autosomes enye - zangasese. Le 2n diploid isethi genetic material. Couple abafazi geterohromosom kubonisiwe XX, eyindoda - XY, ukonyulwa karyotype, ngokulandelelana, 44 no-44 + XX + XY.
Iiseli Intsholongwane (gametes) yi iseti haploid DNA langoku okanye eyodwa 1n. Oocytes ziqulathe autosomes 22 yaye omnye amadlozi X-chromosome - 22 autosomes yaye omnye geterohromosom, X okanye Y.
Kutheni ukuchongwa kunye nokubekwa zofuzo
inkqubo Denver kunye Paris nokubekwa kwemathiriyeli ilifa, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi, oyilelwe ukumanya kwaye iimeko wokuqala ukufundisa le mfundiso karyotype. Indlela eqhelekileyo iyafuneka ukuze ingxelo echanekileyo yokutolikwa kweziphumo zophando kwinkalo yemfuza, Karyosystematics, zizalele nakuzo.
Ngokwalo ebonisa karyotype usebenzisa neeideogram - ulandelelwano systematized kwaye zilungiswe descendingly ubukhulu chromosome. Ideogram ibonisa kuphela imilinganiselo ye-DNA helical, kodwa ezinye iimpawu morphological, ingakumbi isakhiwo lwabo lokuqala (hetero- kunye kummandla euchromatin).
Ngokuhlalutya ezi iigrafu ukuseka ngesidanga ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela awohlukeneyo taxonomic zezinto eziphilayo.
Le karyotype inokuba iperi autosomes, phantse twatse ubukhulu, eyenza kube nzima ukulungisa indawo amanani. Khawuve oko parameters ziquka Denver kunye Paris nokubekwa zofuzo zabantu.
Iziphumo zale nkomfa e Denver, 1960
Ngaloo nyaka, kwisixeko Denver, eUnited States, yabamba inkomfa kwi zofuzo zabantu. It iindlela ezahlukeneyo weemeko zofuzo (ubukhulu, sites centromere isikhundla kunye ubuchule kweleli kunye t. D.) Ngaba idityaniswe kwinkqubo enye.
Izigqibo zeKomfa ekuthiwa-Denver nokubekwa zofuzo zabantu. Le nkqubo ukhokelwa yimigaqo:
- Zonke autosomes abantu kwababaliweyo ukunganethi ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-22 kunye ukuhla ubude bawo, chromatids ngokwesondo eyabelwe izihionipho X kunye Y.
- Chromosome karyotype yahlulwe ngamaqela 7 kunye centromere isibonelelo, ubukho-Hewana kunye constrictions neziziisekondari ngazo chromatids.
- Ukuze lula uhlelo kusetyenziswa isalathiso centromeric, nto leyo kubalwa ngokwahlula-hlula ubude ingalo elifutshane yonke ubude chromosome kwaye sibonakaliswa njengepesenti.
Denver ngezigaba zofuzo othathwa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ngamazwe.
Amaqela chromosome kunye neempawu zazo
Denver chromosome yokuhlela kuquka amaqela asixhenxe apho autosomes zilungiswe ukuze azinakubalwa, kodwa edyokhweni kuthunyelwa zabaMnyama. Oku kungenxa iimpawu apho zisasazwe ngokwamaqela. Funda okungakumbi ngale kule theyibhile.
zofuzo Group | ngababini Non zofuzo | Iimpawu ngesakhiwo zofuzo kwiqela |
A | 1-3 | zofuzo obude distinguishable kakuhle komnye. I-1 no-3 indawo constriction ngezibini metacentric, iperi-2 - submetacentric. |
B | 4 no-5 | Zofuzo zifutshane ngaphezu iqela ophelileyo, constriction lokuqala ise submetacentric (kufutshane phakathi). |
C | 6-12 X-chromosome | Zofuzo ke ertyisi medium, bonke neravnoplechie idivindualiziruemye nzima submetacentric. Twatse ngobukhulu kunye nemilo iqela autosomes, phindana akugqiba kamva ngaphezu kwabanye. |
D | 13-15 | Zofuzo kwiqela ubungakanani medium of kunye indawo phantse litheni le constriction ephambili (acrocentric) abe satellites. |
E | 16-18 | chromosome elifutshane iperi 16 alinganayo-metacentric, 17 no-18 - submetacentric. |
F | 19 no 20 | metacentrics Mfutshane phantse yinto enzima enye kwenye. |
G | 21 no 22 Y-chromosome | zofuzo elifutshane satellites acrocentric. Yiba iyantlukwano engephi lwesakhiwo kunye nobukhulu. Kancinci ixesha elide ngaphezu iqela ezinye zofuzo kwi ingalo elide unalo constriction yesibini. |
Njengoko ubona, i Denver uhlelo zofuzo ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo morphology, ngaphandle manipulation DNA.
Paris ngezigaba zofuzo zabantu
Isiseko oluhlobo, eyaqaliswa ngo-1971, esekelwe iindlela bala mahluko of chromatin. Ngenxa yoko, ukupeyinta qho zonke chromatids babe ipatheni yaso bands kokukhanya nobumnyama, ngalo ndlela lula zichongiwe amaqela.
Xa unyango imibala eyahlukeneyo zofuzo bekubona inxalenye ngamnye:
- ziqwempu Q-chromosome fluoresce ngenxa ye idayi-quinacrine lwemostade.
- G-ziqwempu ziboniswa emva indlela Giemsa amabala (ngokufanayo no-Q-ziqwempu).
- ziqwempu R-bala lwandulelwe alawulwa nokuguqulwa bubushushu.
iisimboli ezongezelelweyo baziswa ukubonisa indawo iiseli zofuzo:
- Ingalo elide chromosome kubonisiwe bathobe nonobumba q, mfutshane - lombhalo p.
- Ngaphakathi igxalaba yabelwa ukuya kwiindawo 4, kwababaliweyo ukusuka centromere ukuya ekupheleni telomere.
- Ababaliweyo kweendlelana nazo phakathi mimandla kulwalathiso centromere.
Ukuba isikhundla isakhi kwi chromosome yaziwa ngokuchanekileyo, yawo nokunxibelelanisa i index zephetshana. Xa lizwe gene ngaphantsi wawucacisa, oko ukubonisa ibekwe ingalo elide okanye elifutshane.
Kuba imaphu echanileyo zofuzo, hybridization nokufunda mutagenesis nayiphi na indlela enye lwenkonzo. Denver chromosome ngokuhlelwa Paris kulo mzekelo zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa ezihlobeneyo omnye komnye.
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