Uluntu: imizekelo amazwe. Imizekelo yokuba, mpawu oluntu baseRashiya

uluntu Civil - isiseko impucuko yanamhlanje, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso zorhulumente wentando yesininzi. Ntlandlolo ukuba kubekwe abangafuni ukuya empini, inkqubo yolawulo-umyalelo, apho bonke abemi ukuthobela imiyalelo karhulumente kunye nako nempembelelo kuzo. Kodwa kubonakala eyahlukileyo kakhulu noluntu. Umzekelo ndikuphaphele eziveziweyo zazo abemi lula ukufumana eNtshona Yurophu. Ngaphandle ubukho kuluntu ephuhliswe ngazo ukwakha ngokwenene urhulumente lomthetho, apho bonke abemi, nokuba yezikhundla zabo kunye nobume, ngumntu osebenza elula kuMongameli, akuwuthobeli umthetho.

Yintoni yasekuhlaleni?

Ukuze uqalise ukucinga malunga nemigaqo ukusebenza kunye nembali ngemvelaphi nakwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuze Ngokwengcamango mihla, kubalulekile ukuba mayicacise ukuba kuthetha ukuthini xa kule kota. Ngoko ke, uluntu - nto ibonakalisa izenzo esebenzayo kwabemi ezamahala, ezenza ngokwazo amalungiselelo imibutho engajonganga nzuzo kwaye ezizimeleyo kurhulumente yaye ngokuxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na into impembelelo lwangaphandle.

Yintoni ngumongo kuluntu onjalo?

Kukho ezinye imizekelo mpawu oluntu okuluphawu ukuzalana ngamnye urhulumente:

• iimfuno zoluntu kunye urhulumente akakwazi lube sentla iimfuno ngamnye;
• ixabiso eliphezulu inkululeko ummi;
• Kukho lokuba labemi kwipropati yabucala;
• akukho namnye unelungelo ukuphazamisa kwimicimbi yabucala ngummi, ukuba akathanga baphule umthetho;
• Abemi wangena phakathi isivumelwano sikweni malunga nokudala uluntu yoluntu, nto leyo umaleko zokhuselo phakathi kwabo kunye nesimo.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi uluntu kukuba abantu bakhululekile ukuba azihlele kumaqela zobungcali okanye amaqela anomdla, kunye nemisebenzi yabo bakhuselekile yokuphazanyiswa karhulumente.

Ibali nakwimibutho yasekuhlaleni

iinkcuba abaninzi ngemihla yamandulo eGrisi babezibuza yintoni isizathu sokuba indalo karhulumente kunye inxalenye yayo engundoqo - yoluntu. Ziziphi izizathu beqhutywa ngabantu bamandulo, xa simanyene ezintsonkothileyo kwaye multi-functional imfundo yoluntu, nto leyo ithatha indawo enkulu. Nangendlela oku kunempembelelo ngayo abantu yajika ngamandla ngexesha elinikiweyo.

Nangona inzululwazi wethu kutshanje kuphela watsalela ingqalelo ukuyilwa oluntu, lasungulwa kunye nophuhliso emhlabeni yesayensi yezopolitiko kunye nefilosofi kangangamakhulu eminyaka oku sele ehamba kwengxoxo esivuthayo, ukubaluleka ongayi nemikhuba. Phakathi ngokwesakhelo imisebenzi yenzululwazi ngu iingqondo ezinkulu ezifana Aristotle, uCicero, Machiavelli, Hegel, Marx, kunye nabanye abaninzi baye bazama ukuchonga iimpawu eziphambili esenza nokusebenza kwabantu. Imizekelo zifumaneka kuloo mazwe kunye sikhokelo inkqubo yezopolitiko ababephila phantsi kwazo. Omnye lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo nokucofa ebesoloko malunga uhlobo lobudlelane phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Imigaqo apho ukwakha ezi ubudlelwane kwaye zisoloko enenzuzo ngokulinganayo ntoni macala omabini?

Yiyiphi sele sikhona imizekelo kwimbali ehlabathini?

Imbali uyazi imizekelo emininzi yasekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni kumaxesha isixeko Italian of yaseVenice singezantsi singangumzekelo umgaqo lwentando zeetshekhi kunye balances ngaphakathi igunya kwezopolitiko. Uninzi iimpawu zoluntu, nto leyo ke thina into eqhelekileyo, zaye kuqala ukusebenza apho. Ngokusekelwe amaxabiso umntu inkululeko yayo, kuqatshelwe imfuneko ukunika amalungelo alinganayo - ezi kunye nezinye izimvo ezininzi yedemokhrasi wawusewuzelwe oko.

Enye isixeko-karhulumente Italy - Florence, wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso le nto zembali ekuthiwa oluntu. Umzekelo yaseVenice, Kakade ke, kube nempembelelo yayo ebalulekileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, nemizi German ka Bremen, Hamburg kunye iLübeck, nabo kuphuhliswa iziseko sezingqondweni oluntu kunye nefuthe labemi waphawula isimbo kunye neendlela zolawulo mizi.

Ingaba kukho into enjengale eRashiya?

Nangona kwizikolo ezikude indawo neeyantlukwano yenkcubeko zingafunyanwa imizekelo oluntu naseRussia nommandla wayo wokudla, kwaye kwintsimi kumazwe angabamelwane ukuba basondele kuye umoya. thina Okokuqala sithetha Novgorod kunye Pskov, apho uphuhliso lorhwebo kunye nale nkqubo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho akuboni ezizodwa. Ngenxa ufikelelo elwandle, yaye ngoko ke ithuba elihle urhwebe izixeko ezikufuphi kunye nezikumkani, kwezi zixeko bethatha ekuphuhliseni unokwakhela kunye norhwebo izindlu. Kuba umsebenzi wabo ngokupheleleyo kunye nempumelelo akaphenduli sakudala ngelo xesha ndlela, ngoko kukho uhlobo urhulumente kunye icala lwentando yesininzi.

Iimpawu ze Novgorod and Pskov

Isiseko lobomi Novgorod kunye Pskov kwasekwa abakumgangatho ophakathi, nto leyo inxaxheba kurhwebo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto, ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. imizi zazilawulwa yi kokubizwa seSigqeba yesizwe. bonke abantu banelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kule ntlanganiso. Kuba abemi non-free izimuncumuncu, zilele phantsi nokusebenza kuba yinxalenye imveliso kuveliswa kumnini womhlaba, okanye abanjwe nasentanjeni yentswela ematyaleni, kwaye kubo zichongwe amakhoboka.

Yintoni uphawu kukuba inkosana wonyulwa sikhundla. Ukuba ke erhafini anelisekile ngendlela nesikhulu lenza imisebenzi yakhe, ukuba ndisuse kuye kuloo ndawo kwaye khetha omnye umgqatswa. City waqukumbela umthetheli yesivumelwano apho kakhulu nezithintelo igunya lakhe waphoselwa. Ngokomzekelo, akazange akwazi ukufumana ubunini bomhlaba, akazange avunyelwe ukungena kwizivumelwano ithi angaphandle ngokwabo ngaphandle yolamlo Novgorod, yaye ngaphezulu. Le ubuhlobo ayikwazanga ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo ingqikelelo luluntu, umzekelo apho umboniso wadala kumaziko olawulo Novgorod kunye Pskov.

Inzala kwi siseko oluntu kwi post-Soviet Russia

Kule 80 emva kwexesha, ingakumbi emva kokuba kwawa yiSoviet Union, iintetho kunye neengxoxo ngobume komthetho, isiseko sayo, kwakunye phezu kwemimiselo ukubunjwa kwabantu kweli lizwe elitsha laduma nomkhosi kathathu. Umdla kwesi sifundo siye sapapashwa kwaye ihlala phezulu kakhulu, kuba emva kwamashumi fusion ngokupheleleyo karhulumente kunye noluntu kwafuneka ukuba baqonde indlela fast, kodwa elingenabuhlungu ukwenza into ukuba lwesininzi Koloni, wathabatha kwenkulungwane ngaphezu kwesinye.

mbali Young kunye izazinzulu zezopolitiko bafunda imizekelo noluntu, wamema iingcali ezininzi ukusuka kwamanye amazwe ukuba bafunde ngqo kumava ngempumelelo kwamanye amazwe.

Iingxaki ezibonisa owayephila sobumi eRashiya

iintsilelo ezoqoqosho kunye neengxaki nazo zonke inyathelo. Akuzange kube lula ukuba abonise le abemi ukuba ngoku ubomi babo, intlalo-ntle, ikamva kuxhomekeke kakhulu ngokhetho zabo, kwaye kufuneka benze oku ngabom. Izizukulwana abantu abazange babe amalungelo kunye nenkululeko. Kwafuneka ukuba ukufundisa. Nawuphi na kuluntu, umzekelo apho ufundwa abaphengululi mihla, uthi kwindawo yokuqala eli phulo kufuneka eze kuvela abemi ngokwabo, ngubani ndiyabona ngokwabo njengoko ukuqhuba amandla engundoqo karhulumente. Ukongeza amalungelo noxanduva kuyo.

Mngeni kwixesha elizayo

Ngokutsho neengcali kunye izazinzulu zezopolitiko, omnye wemiceli-mngeni yoluntu post-yobukomanisi yimfuneko ukunika intsingiselo entsha ixabiso, njengenxalenye, oluya kuba kubo ukuphuhlisa intlalo yoluntu. Imizekelo lwesininzi zaphuhliswa kunokukunceda ukuba aphephe iimpazamo ezininzi, uya kwenza ukuyilwa uluntu olutsha.

Ngoku kukho inkqubo esebenzayo kokuba umntu, efumileyo and non-nzuzo nemibutho. Ixesha of okukhawulezayo, uphuhliso phantse olungalawulwayo yafikelela esiphelweni. Iqala i nqanaba ukubunjwa. Ixesha liya kukuxelela ukuba abemi beli lizwe lethu ngonaphakade ukuqonda ngokwabo amalungu ezipheleleyo oluntu.