Ukuvulwa abaphandi e Umzantsi Melika

Uluhlu abaphandi e Umzantsi Melika kumba kakhulu. Nini yaye ngubani na ovule eli lizwekazi? Nabantwana besikolo siyazi ukuba Hristofor Kolumb. Kodwa akukho, musa ukuba izazinzulu kakhulu, kwaye kukho amathandabuzo kulo mba. abahloli mhlawumbi olunokwazisa Ages okuqala Aphakathi, ngokusemthethweni, ifikelele kwisiqithi eGreenland kunye unxweme Intshona Melika kudala ngaphambi Columbus. Okanye iinqanawa Chinese wawela Pacific Ocean nokuba oomatiloshe uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi ezi abahloli untitled belizwekazi. Ukongeza, i-Hristofor Kolumb ukuya ekupheleni ubomi bakhe wayeqinisekile ukuba akathanga ukubeka unyawo kwi lizwekazi entsha, kunye nentshona yonxweme India. Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukuqonda abahloli ezininzi zaseMzantsi Melika. Ngamnye kubo oye negalelo kuphuhliso lizwekazi entsha. Sibe oovulindlela izazinzulu Russian uluhlu.

Imbali ehlahla indlela West

Uluhlu labaphandi ikhokelwa Americas Hristofor Kolumb, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba siqonde merit yayo. Ngelo xesha, iYurophu zafumana ubunzima kwimbalelwano lentengiso ne India. Le ndlela apho kwiintlobo kunye iziqholo inde kwaye kuyingozi. Ngokusekelwe postulate komhlaba imilo ngeenxa zonke, Columbus hypothesized ukuba eIndiya ukususela eYurophu na isikhephe, hayi ukuya empumalanga uyilandele ngasentshona. Kwaba apho, phesheya Atlantic, wabongoza esasihamba umxhasi wakhe, uKumkani Spain, lilizwe ezigcine sandalwood wome. Kwaye kunjalo ke wacela imali izixhobo hambo. Ngowe-1492, Columbus wawela Atlantic waza wavula enkulu Antilles. Le mpumelelo iye wamvumela ukuba kuxhotyiswe zobuntlola ezimbini ngaphezulu. Ngowe-1498 Columbus wafumanisa kwisiqithi Trinidad. Amanzi olwandle off oomatiloshe yayo kunxweme kwabonakala ngokugqithiseleyo ityuwa. insipidity ngolo ukuthwala kuphela umlambo elikhulu kakhulu kumazwekazi - wempi isigqibo. Iinqanawa bakhe bangena umlomo Orinoco, sebephonononge unxweme Umzantsi Melika ukuya Paria lizwe.

Uhambo Amerigo Vespucci

ubukumkani Portuguese, ukuqaphela impumelelo bamazwe baseSpeyin eMzantsi Melika (ngoko wacinga - kunxweme Western of India), iye yaxhobisa ngohambo ezintathu Intambo. Ayala Umatiloshe Amerigo Vespucci. Akazange mabangapheleli ngokwakhe diving elunxwemeni, yaye wenza ukunyuka intaba anesibindi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yoko, yafunyanwa kwaye wachaza Brazilian Highlands, indlela esezantsi umlambo Amazon kunye bay, apho ngoku kumi isixeko eRio de Janeiro. ngcembe Vespucci waqalisa uthuthumbisa namathandabuzo. India intsimi entsha alibonakali kanje. Wabhala kwilizwe lakhe ngowe-1503, oko kukuthi - "Inxalenye elitsha zehlabathi." Kwaye lo gama sele ilungisiwe. North ne Umzantsi Melika Kusekho ngokuba "sies" yaye "Yehlabathi Elitsha".

Amerigo Vespucci igalelo kubalulekile. Yaba nguye lowo wanika baseYurophu ulwazi bobukho lizwekazi entsha. Ngoko ke, igama lakhe kunikwa zombini nezwe. Sele 1507 Cartographer evela Lorraine Martin Waldseemüller christened emazantsi kwilizwekazi "America" (Latinized upelo "Amerigo"). Ngowe-1538, lo gama kwalutyhutyha kwinxalenye esemantla kwilizwekazi.

Ilizwe ezisemagqabini El Dorado

Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi kwimpumelelo bamazwe isiPhuthukezi eMzantsi Merika, ogama iinqanawa wabuya, zithwele igolide, kule minyaka 1522-58 ukuya Yehlabathi Elitsha zaze abahloli Spanish. Phantsi benze unyango yezizwe bengingqi ukholo lwamaKristu, baza baqalisa ebamba ilizwe. Le ukoyisa (isiSpanish "Conquista") sikhatshwe ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu phezu komlilo, iphanga kunye nezinye ubundlobongela. BaseYurophu babekholelwa ukuba lizwekazi entsha - Golden Land, El Dorado. Kodwa kunye ne conquistadors kunye anenzondelelo zonqulo Umzantsi Melika weza kunye nabaphandi yokwenene, mapping, echaza uhlobo ngaphambili ayaziwa zezityalo nezilwanyana, ukufunda amasiko nenkcubeko nezizwe endawo. Ngokusebenzisa Isthmus Panama kunye baseSpeyin wayofika kunxweme olusentshona. Uhambo Andagoya P. (1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540s), Ladrilero H. (1558), P. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1580) phambili ulwandle Pacific njengokuba ezikude Chile.

Discoverers kunye nabahloli of South America

Hayi nje baseSpeyin isiPhuthukezi wathabatha inxaxheba kuloyiso kumazwe amatsha. kubalondolozi German Ehinger, Welser nabanye ezifunyenweyo 1528 yi-uCharles imvume wesihlanu ikoloni yomntla-mpuma kunxweme Umzantsi Melika owayamene noLwandle lweCaribbean. France kunye eNetherlands nazo "apha elufeleni" phezu isiqwenga somhlaba omtsha. J. oomatiloshe yaseBritani. Davis, R. kunye J. Hawkins. Strong wavula Falkland Islands. A Dutch Schouten W. kunye J. Lemaire ngo-1616, elirhangqiweyo Cape Horn. Ukubawa wakhanga conquistadors Spanish kwelizwe. In search lomgodi yegolide edume bawela Northwest Andes kude kuse Amazon. abahloli Spanish kunye IsiPhuthukezi kunye nabakhenkethi e Umzantsi Melika waza wangena umlambo eRio de la Plata isitya, wachaza Paraná, i Gran Chaco, Paraguay. Okokuqala sawela ilizwekazi ukusuka Pacific ukuya Atlantic Ocean umkhankaso F. Orellana ngo-1541.

Abaphandi Scientific e Umzantsi Melika kunye bakufumeneyo

Eyona njongo iphambili yale zonke lamaphulo zikhankanywe ngasentla kwaba ukumbamba kumazwe amatsha. Uphando lwezenzululwazi (mapping, inkcazelo oko akubona endleleni) lwaqhutywa kuphela kuba wanceda ukukhuthaza iqela conquistadors. Kodwa ke kokufika yiEnlightenment oovulindlela injongo yatshintsha. Abaphandi zokuqala ezinkulu yezenzululwazi eMzantsi Melika bakholelwa German Aleksandra Gumboldta kunye Aime Bonpland engumFrentshi. kwiminyaka emihlanu (ukususela 1799 ukuya 1804) Bachitha phezu mpumalanga, ukuqokelela nengqokelela izityalo, izilwanyana kunye neeminerali. Emva koko Alexander von Humboldt wachitha iminyaka engamashumi ukubhala malunga nomsebenzi volume-30 grand "Journey ukuya equinoctial (okt Equatorial) umhlaba Yehlabathi Elitsha."

Okunye uphando

Iimephu ezichanekileyo belizwekazi kufanele hambo IsiNgesi R. Fitzroy kunye F. King. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, xa inxalenye esemntla kwilizwekazi American ziye kakuhle, lo osemazantsi - ngenxa kumahlathi ivaleke kunye iintaba eziphakamileyo - wahlala unexplored. Yaye "incognita terra" uAlesandire izazinzulu abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. In abaphandi Ngenkulungwane XIX abanjalo mpumalanga Umzantsi Melika, amaJamani W. Eschwege K. Stein, isiFrentshi Jean Saint-Hilaire kunye A. curls, Austrians kwaye Bavarians J. Natterer, J. uPawulos, I. kunye K. Martius Uthetha, i British J .. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates kunye A. Wallace. Negalelo elingathethekiyo isifundo komhlaba kwenzé uCharles Darwin. Yeyona uhlobo Umzantsi Melika kwenza izazinzulu ukuba bacinge malunga kwemvelo lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

hambo Russian ukuze azise

Uhambo lokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1822-28, ngokulandelelana. Russian uhambo oluntsonkothileyo academic ikhokelwa ngu-GI Langsdorf. Amalungu ayo wafunda kwimimandla angaphakathi Brazil. Kolu phando lwenzululwazi kwilizwekazi hayi ziphelile. abahloli ezinjalo Russian yoMzantsi Melika njengoko A. S. Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. Manizer, A. I. Voeykov ukuchaza ukuma, imozulu, inkcubeko, izizwe, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zonke Tierra del Fuego. Eziphilayo NI Vavilov watyelela yezwekazi 1932-33. nokuba ukuchonga imvelaphi izityalo ezahlukeneyo kwezolimo.