Ukuhlaziywa lwemali ka-1961 kwi-USSR: emacaleni ezintle nezimbi

Ngo-1960, urhulumente waseSoviet yamkela umthetho kutshintsho lwemali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, onke amaxwebhu anxulumene ukuphunyezwa kwayo, zihlelwa. Thetha malunga izizathu ezabangela kuyo, ungenza, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi zibizwa namhlanje olwenziwe ngabenzi bophando zenzeka ngokoqobo, kodwa ngumfanekiso ukuphelela asikwazi ukumnika. Yintoni na le kubuyiselo mali ngo-1961 i-USSR? Iintshaba, i-NS ukuzikhethela kwezoqoqosho Khrushchev okanye edingekayo? Phendula kule ngokukodwa kwangoko ngeke isebenze.

Undoqo uguquko emali

Ide ngokutsha lwemali ka 1961 eSoviet Union kwaba engamaphepha ejikeleza wangena ngo 1947. Ukuhlaziywa yaqala kaJanuwari 1, 1961, baqhubeka kwikota 1, enxibe uhlobo ihlelo ukwehla. Nangona urhulumente wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze agxininise ukuba kukho exchange elula imali (lwehlelo).

Ngokwabelana zonke yamaphepha kwamkelwa ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Imali endala iphepha yatshintsha ezintsha, nto leyo ibe ubukhulu amancinci 10: ratio 1.

Ukongezelela, ngokutsho iBhunga labaPhathiswa ngesigqibo ngoMeyi 4, 1960 № 470, recalculation ngokuxhomekeke ihoseyile, ngemiyinge emincinci, ukuthenga kunye namaxabiso wokwenziwa zonke zentengiso, isebenza kunye neenkonzo, kunye neentlawulo ezongeziweyo, iintlawulo ezongezelelekileyo, izaphulelo, leyo zithe zafakelwa nzima amanani. Kananjalo zonke iintlobo iidiphozithi ezikhoyo ngayo imali, iiofisi, iibhanki, zonke iintlobo komvuzo, kubandakanywa irhafu emvuzweni, nemivuzo, imirhumo, nemali eyintlawulo yokushicilela, iibhonasi, zonke iintlobo yemivuzo njalo-njalo.

ihlelo

Njengoko nenguqulelo esemthethweni oluqhutywa iinguqu yaziswa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali waseUSSR, kukho utshintsho wokubolekisa ngenxa kuzithuthuzela yokuphatha imali aze abanike luncedo ngakumbi. Iimbangi iyinene kule imisitho nto athi, ethe wavumela iingcali ukwenza izigqibo zabo, kodwa ke abantu abaninzi ukutshintshana imali wahlala kwimemori ye ihlelo olulula.

ukwehla

Ukususela ngelo xesha, ukujikeleziswa yamazwe angaphandle kweli lizwe wawuvaliwe, inkoliso yabantu wayengazi malunga ngeranti, nangexabiso zegolide, abantu abaninzi kweli lizwe kugwetywa ixabiso izacholo, ukuba aye utshintsho wenzeka le engange ngokuchasene dollar negolide software.

Ngamanye amazwi, le mali bathi ukwehla le engange amaxesha Soviet, nto leyo eye yakhokelela kabukhali ekuncipheni nokuqulethileyo igolide watshintsha nxamnye dollar. Ukuba phambi 1961, i-dollar wanika engange-4, emva kokuba uhlaziyo ixabiso layo akawatshintshi njengoko yonke enye into, izihlandlo ezili-10, kodwa amaxesha 4,44 kuphela. Ngoku ke dollar ixabisa 0.90 eesenti. Ekuhambeni kwexesha negolide eninzi uvukile ixabiso. Ukuba ngaphambi ukulungiswa engange omnye iqulethe 0,222 g, emva kokuba uhlaziyo, eli nani laba 0,987g.

Izizathu ukwehla

Uhlaziyo lwemali ngo-1961 eSoviet Union yaba umxholo wezifundo ezininzi. Bona ziyaphikisana kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, esinye sezizathu utshintsho ibizwa ukwanda yiSoviet Union imveliso oyile kunye kwamanye amazwe. Indlela kulingane le sizathu, kuba kunzima ukutsho, kodwa ngokwenene kwimveliso oyile lenyuke ngonyaka ngeminyaka.

Kwakhona ngokuba eziliqela yezizathu: iingxaki zoqoqosho ezinxulumene kunye utshintsho oluqhubekayo kulawulo kunye nezolimo; iingalo uhlanga - ukuba uqhutywe wokwenene ezinokuchaphazela kakubi uqoqosho waseUSSR, engqina ukuncitshiswa umkhosi; ukunika amazwe aid "lula".

Njani le inguquko

Emva kokupapashwa kwi esingunombolo yoshicilelo 470 ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwanda kuthengwa impahla eyenziweyo, ukwanda ukuthengiswa izacholo noboya iivenkile, iidiphozithi ezivela kuluntu Bavuka ezibhankini ekongeni, njengoko ziya ngokuzenzekela zibe nokutshintshanisa kunye recalculation.

Ngo-Oktobha 1960, kwaqala ngo iibhanki idiphozithi Central. Kwi tags ixabiso baba amaxabiso amabini ezivenkileni: esitsha kunye endala. Oku kwenziwa ukuze uvumele abantu ukuba siqhelane ukuya amaxabiso amatsha. NgoJanuwari 1, 1961 waqala ngokutshintshiselana engamaphepha ezindala ukuze sithenge ezintsha. kubananisi ezithile ziye kwadalwa, apho unokuyitshintsha naliphi na inani imali endala.

Imali imodeli entsha

Kubungakanani iindleko ngokutsha wolawulo-1961 bahluke kakhulu abo iyasetyenziswa. Baba iqhezu kumanqaku endala. Ukongeza, baba multi-bala - ebomvu, eluhlaza, Lilac. Enyanisweni, ngokohlobo imali lula ngakumbi izibalo.

La matyala wakhululwa emahlelweni-1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 engange. ESwitzerland iinkozo zemali kunye amatsha-1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, iisenti 15, 1 Ruble. Yonke imali kwisampula ezindala kuyekiswe ejikeleza. Ngaphandle kwaba iingqekembe zobhedu 1, 2, 3 iipeni. Ukususela ngo-1958, zabuya waza waqalisa nokuveliswa eziinkozo ezintsha kukuninzi. Umzekelo, imali ezinkozo 15 cents yakhutshwa kukuninzi yaye waqhubeka emsukela kunye istampu logama nje kweminyaka engama-30, nto leyo yenza ukuba ndinikhululele omkhulu ngokwenene.

"Endala" kunye nemali 'omtsha' ezahlukeneyo engqondweni, njengoko ngcamango zibencinane kwaye kube lula ukusebenza. Kulo mba, abantu beza kunye negama elitsha engamaphepha emva yotshintsho ka-1961 - ambala. Ukunciphisa iindleko wephepha xa kushicilelwa yamaphepha - le yenye yezona zinto ezintle. Uyilo imali, isimiso, igcinwe. Kuphela endaweni umzobo uLenin yase wabonakala inkangeleko yakhe.

Imiphumela kuphuculo

Kwelinye icala ohlaziya aquka ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa kuqheleke imali kumaxabiso ezingundoqo ukutya (isonka, ityuwa, iswekile, milk) kunye imatshisi.

Iimpembelelo Negative ziquka ngaphezu kwayo yonke ilahleko okuthenga amandla labemi, ukwanda ukutya kunye yorhwebo amaxabiso. Xa iimveliso ezisezantsi zokuqala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso iindleko-10%. Umzekelo, ukuba iindleko 1 kg iitumato kwimarike yaba iisenti 15 ukutshintsha, kwaye emva kokuba they guqula malini na kopecks 15 "entsha".

umgangatho State igolide engange, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, lancitshiswa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwehla yayo. I Utshintshe engange nxamnye dollar. Ukuba ngaphambili le mali eSoviet kufuneka ukuba uzimele kuye, emveni kokuba yeenguqulelo zatshintsha, nto leyo iindleko eziphezulu sokungena.

Isiphumo kuhlaziyo kuthwalelwa phandle, iqhubeke iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30, kodwa ke, ngokutsho kwezinye abaphandi, imiphumo mibi ngayo le minyaka kamva baza kunye Gorbachev xa perestroika ekuweni USSR. Kusinda kungekho neziphumo zibonakala, ngaphandle kukwehla wobomi labemi, kwesi sihlandlo sexesha wakwazi Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwimalike yabasebenzi nayo yonke imiba ehamba nazo: izibonelelo zabasebenzi cheap, amazwe inzuzo enkulu. Ezi zinto ziye ukuba urhulumente ukuphuhlisa kakuhle ngokwalo kwezoqoqosho.

Yintoni eyabangela uguquko onje malini?

ngumba

Ngamafutshane, le uhlaziyo wolawulo-1961 zange yenziwe ngokwalo. Yena ke, ngokutsho kwezinye izazinzulu, ezi ziinguqu okucwangcisiweyo kwaye lwaqhutywa yi-uN S. Hruschovym. Kukho uluvo ngakumbi ukuba yotshintsho lwemali kwakubangelwa kwezi nguqulelo, njengoko uninzi na kubo ingqalelo ukusilela kwaye kwakhokelela ilizwe ukuze kozinzo kwezoqoqosho.

Njengoninzi utshintsho N. S. Hruschova, i-USSR uhlaziyo lwemali 1961 kwavela uhlobo yabangxamayo ngequbuliso loo nto ithathele ingqalelo iziphumo ukuze akhokele. Abaninzi kubo ziye zachongwa okwangoku phantsi Stalin, izibalo eyathatyathiswa, ukuqikelela imiphumo. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ukuphumeza kubo akwenzeki.

Wathabatha ithuba N. S. Hruschov, isigqibo ukuphelisa zonke iingxaki kwenye bawathathe liwa, nto leyo ekugqibeleni waba nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho lizwe yaye igama ukuzikhethela kwezoqoqosho.

uguquko nokulawulwa

Ukuze esinye izizathu utshintshiselwano ulawulo lwemali zichongwe ukungaphumeleli kuphuculo yaqala ngo-1957, N. S. Hruschovym. Ngexesha yakhe yonke indawo waseUSSR yahlulwa kwizithili zolawulo. Lokudalwa ukulawula amabhunga kwezoqoqosho. Bona, endaweni zabaphathiswa, ulawulo lendawo kuqoqosho eyenziwa.

Uninzi Union kunye nabaphathiswa republic ojongene noshishino kunye nolwakhiwo, iye wapheliswa. amashishini ayamileyo ziye zidluliselwe kumabhunga loqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni. Injongo yale zokubuyisela indlela kolu shishino okanye ulawulo lokwakha kumanqanaba asezantsi kunye nokuncitshiswa kwabasebenzi yolawulo kunye nolawulo.

AmaBhunga Economic - a imizimba lonxibelelwano, leyo ekuqaleni lwaluquka abantu abaliqela, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukujongana nemiba ezifunekayo kumacandelo amatsha kunye namasebe baqalisa ukuba kudalwa. Ukuba kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuncitshiswa izixhobo zolawulo lwaba nentsingiselo bamweze oko akufunayo, ngoko ekuhambeni kwexesha iye zangaphaya kobesikulindele ukwanda.

uguquko kwezolimo

Khrushchev experiment yalulanyiselwa kwezolimo. Ekupheleni kwale 50 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, imveliso mveliso kude wasondela phambili kwezolimo. Yokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi ezilalini nemizana kwindawo ethile yokuhlala, zibangelwa imfuneko ukuphepha indlala, oko laphehlelelwa 30 waza wahlala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II de kukubuyisela kwayo ngundoqo lizwe, ezafika kuhlala. Cities, iilali, iilali zancitshiswa ukuba ngamabhodlo. Mveliso zatshatyalaliswa okanye bakhutshwe kwelizwe. Reform ngeli xesha kuya kukhokelela imiphumo engalindelekanga, ngoko imbambano luhlehliswe okwethutyana.

urhulumente Stalin kaThixo ikwazile ukubuyisela le mveliso, ukuseka ubomi emaphandleni, kodwa iimali khange lusetyenzisiwe kumafama yabasebenzi nemibutho. Kwizixeko ezininzi, abantu abahlala ngcono. Kuzuza imali engakumbi yaye, ke, chitha. ukungafani okunjalo phakathi kwabahlali emaphandleni nasezidolophini, Kakade ke, kwabangela eninzi ukugxekwa.

Ukuhlaziywa yale mibuzo, Kakade ke, kwafuneka ukuba isonjululwe. Kodwa ke kunye nabo ayemka, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, izigqibo ezingachanekanga. Ngokukodwa, kumayelana kukuvalwa MTS, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni unciphiso koomatshini neetrektara, bomashini-iingcaphephe. Eli nyathelo ngokwalo umonakalo noqhekeko kwezolimo, nto enyanzela urhulumente kuthenga ingqolowa aphesheya. izicwangciso okungaphezu ukulungiselela inyama kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuhla kakhulu kwamanani iinkomo.

Kwakufuneka ngokungxamisekileyo Imfuneko utshintsho, kodwa uRhulumente N. S. Hruschova wenza iimpazamo.

ukuncitshiswa yomkhosi

It lwaqhutywa phantsi Khrushchev ukuncitshiswa yomkhosi, apho ngaphantsi kwe-1.3 yezigidi abantu, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, okubangele imikhosi Soviet exhobileyo umonakalo omkhulu. Inyaniso ukuba ukuncipha umkhosi yalungiselelwa naphantsi Stalin. Oku ukuba nohlelo. Yonke into ngokucokisekileyo ukubala ixesha zokubuyisela ukwenza unyaka-3, ukongeza, ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo zonke umhlala-phantsi (izindlu, imihlala-phantsi).

Ukubamba yotshintsho ka Khrushchev butho ethile sengqondo akucingeleki, kwaye ngabeka malunga amagqala, abantu baye banikwe Army eyona minyaka yobomi bakhe, imfazwe yokugqibela ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Ngaphandle umhlala wamajoni akasalisa kuphela abo kukhuthazwa ixesha elililo kwiminyaka 1-2, kodwa iinyanga 1-2.

Le ukuncitshiswa, Kakade, konga imali kurhulumente ngohlobo ipension nenachislennyh, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusigcina abantu kwesigidi. Kodwa igalelo enamandla sindise emkhosini. Ngaba uphoswe izigidi servicemen kunye neentsapho zabo, ababesele ngaphandle imisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala kunye nempiliso.

isiphelo

Umbuzo yokuvuselelwa N. S. Hruschovym, kuquka utshintsho emali, yaye ihlala i umdla neyaziwa kancinane. akayi kuba nako ukuphendula kuyo eziqhitsini. Ubona apha nempembelelo engentle ye-West efanelekileyo kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwakhe, mhlawumbi akazange uyenzileyo.

Space ukuhlola, USSR kwezoqoqosho jerk - sisiphumo zomkhosi ixesha elide (ulondolozo kunye nokutshintshwa uninzi lwamashishini emaphandleni) kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo nabanorhatyazo yezoqoqosho post-imfazwe kunye uhlanga luphela, kunokuba imisebenzi Khrushchev njenge wenguquko "mkhulu". Kodwa ukukhanyela impumelelo yayo HIV kuba zililize ekungekho nzuzo ngayo.