Yintoni yebhanki yokonga? Apho unyaka kwakukho ebhankini imali yokuqala

Namhlanje, le "ebhankini imali" ibinzana ngaphandle kokutya okutyiwa abaninzi, yaye musa nokuba ucinge into yokuba eli lizwe bank phambili - Sberbank - liye landa ngenxa yale meko. Kuphi le meko zemali kwaye isebenza njani? Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha unyaka kwabakho ebhankini imali, ngubani kuqala weza lo matshini kunye nendlela ngendaleko imali kwibhanki kuqhutyelwa kwiziko lamatyala mihla.

Ingcamango yokuba kukho imali

Xa umntu kwabonakala ubutyebi surplus, waqalisa ukucinga silondolozwe ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo. Oku yindlela ingcamango imali. Okokuqala, le nkqubo usebenza imveliso - abantu bekusoloko uphawu yokwenza izinto ukutya xa yendlala. Kuyinto umsebenzi ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, ngoko umzimba wethu ubeka calories kwemfuneko nezibaya ezityebileyo, yaye umntu, njenge unomatse, umzekelo, yenza isitokhwe lekamva.

Kodwa ingqikelelo ekongeni edibene ukugcinwa ngemali. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala abantu beza engqondweni ukugcina imali ukusetyenziswa amashumi elizayo abaliqela kumakhulu-khulu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Umzekelo, e-China kwabakho isiko lokuyihlehlisa ngqekembe kwi "ngosuku black" ngeembiza ngodongwe etywiniweyo. Caphula imali ukusuka apho kwenzeka kuphela ngokweqa isitya. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, abantu nje bazihlube kuthetha, abazange ukuzisa nayiphi na ingeniso, kwaye kuphela xa kukho uluvo ukuba uyakwazi ukubeka loo mali ebhankini, kwakukho ebhankini imali.

Ingcamango lebhanki lokonga

Ngcembe bakha ekhethekileyo indlela mali, nto leyo ukuba ekudalweni nokwanda ngaloo ukufumana ingeniso. Savings bank - umbutho etsala kubo abemi aze ahlawule inzala abagcinisa. Kungenzeka ukuba ukwandisa capital inikwa kunikezelo imali ngexesha usebenzisa ezo (ikhredithi) ukwenzela ukuba bona, ke, ahlawule osethilini.

Namhlanje, imizi egcina imali kunye neebhanki ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho yalo naliphi na ilizwe. Kukho nokuba yokusebenza imigangatho imali ekhaya, leyo ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kwakhona, umthamo lwenkunzi-saving ingummiselo elungileyo kohlolo isimo kuMbuso. Njengokuba abantu baqale ukubeka imali kuphela xa kukho ngokwaneleyo babo.

Imithetho-siseko ye-operation yebhanki imali

Kukho sele indlela yemveli ukuze aqokelele imali ukutyiwa elizayo ngabantu - yibhanki yokonga. Iminikelo abantu ukuzisa ingeniso yabo, leyo yeyona nto iphambili khuthaza kwiziko mali yokuphatha ukudala iimali zabo reserve yakhe, kunokuba ngokusonga eziinkozo kwi kwijokhwe yakho yeglasi isegumbini ekhaya. Kodwa phi le nzuzo?

Ukuhlawula abantu inzala, zinokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini. Eyokuqala yaziwa njenge scheme yephiramidi: bezimali ukufumana inzala ngokuncama iikhastoma ezisandul nomtsalane bezise imali yabo. Xa eli cebo kukho ingozi ephezulu ukungaphumeleli, ekubeni naliphi na ukurhoxiswa kwenkitha iidipozithi kwakhokelela ekuweni, kwaye abanye abathengi abayi inzala kuphela, kodwa wenza imali kwamkela.

Indlela yesibini nzima ngakumbi. Libonisa ukuba imali, ukuze bathabathe bazise ingeniso, kunokwenzeka ukuba uboleke benzala okanye ukutyala imali nayiphi na ezinye iindlela ingeniso. Savings iibhanki ikakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kwi "igalelo-mboleko-interest" ngaphandle utyalo-mali.

Ibali yeebhanki imali ehlabathini

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala umgaqo balo matshinana lokonga zemali laliqulunqwe umbhali D. Defoe, ngubani ebecinga ukuphuhlisa indlela kokubona labemi. Esebenzisa izimvo zakhe 1778 e Hamburg, a ngusomashishini lasekuhlaleni avule ofisi ngokufumana ukufakwa kwemali kwi-3%, nto leyo eya wabuyela phezu imfuno le abagcinisa. Kodwa ke ingcamango kuphela ukuphunyezwa yasekuhlaleni.

imali boom banks iqala eNgilani Ekuveleni XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane. Kwandula ke kwabakho ibhanki imali yokuqala eqinisekiswe imbuyekezo yotyalo-mali irisithi umdla. umthetho British amaziko ezemali afana yokuqala yamkelwa ngo-1817. Baye bayalelwa ukuba imali ebolekiweyo kuphela mali ekhuselekileyo kunye kwiibhondi zikarhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela baqalisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenxweme yokonga kunye noqoqosho karhulumente. Yena befumene iimali ezongezelelweyo kwaye bakhuthaze abantu ukuba ukudala imali.

Ekuqaleni, imizi egcina imali ziye yenzelwe amaqela imivuzo iphantsi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, oko ukucwangcisa ubungakanani ubuninzi umnikelo ngeekhilogram 150. Oku ukuba amahlwempu ukudala i "zokhuseleko ababetheki" zemali kaxakeka ukuba kuluncedo kurhulumente kunye ezinkulu nongxowankulu, kuba isusa kuzo imfuneko yokunyamekela amahlwempu, abagulayo okanye baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo. Ngenxa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, imali iibhanki yaqala ukuvela kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwaye eUnited States.

Eyokuqala iibhanki yokonga e Russia

Andizange ungedluli kwendyebo kunye uBukhosi Russian. Eyokuqala yebhanki imali kweli lizwe livela kwi 1839 nge ummiselo kaKesare. Ezi mali kunye nee-ofisi encedisayo kumafama - ekubeni urhulumente waqalisa amalungiselelo ayo ukupheliswa serfdom.

Ngowe-1841, kwakhona ngokuyalelwa imali kamasipala iibhanki kakumkani yokuqala eMoscow St Petersburg zavuleka. Okokuqala, isixa igalelo elinganiselwe cents-50, kwaye ubuninzi - engange-300, yaye kamva la manani anda. Eyokuqala kula maziko baye obuyiyile kumashishini kunye neenkonzo zoluntu, waza waqalisa ukuvula ofisi kwii-ofisi 1880 of the State Bank, kwii-ofisi yeposi kunye nezikhululo zikaloliwe.

Ukongeza okufuna iidipozithi, apha sithatha iidipozithi "ukuxhomekeka", ie ngomhla othile, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ngokunjalo iminikelo izibambiso. Abasebenzi beebhanki, ngaloo ndlela, izenzo njengomthetheli phakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente. Kamva, kwakukho omnye iinkonzo inshorensi yobomi yabemi. Kwakhona, imali ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX ukuba baba negalelo ekuphunyezweni kwiibhondi zikarhulumente, kwakunye ngokuphumelela mboleko. Ngokuthe ngcembe waba imali mboleko iziko elibolekisa ngemiba yezemfundo.

Ekongeni iibhanki kwexesha Soviet

Emva mdibi ngowe-1917, urhulumente omtsha yabhengeza iidipozithi zoluntu njengeyona ndawo yokuqala kunye mboleko yokumkani - irhoxisiwe. ngcembe Ukunyuka kwakhokelela de facto ukwehla iidipozithi. Emva kokuba yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye War Civil, kwathiwa-nkqubo New Economic, kunye isixhobo mali omtsha - Savings Bank of the USSR.

La maziko ke indlela uguquko kwezezimali, umsebenzi wabo ephambili ukukhusela umvuzo abasebenzi ithuba kwamaxabiso. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, babeka abemi umsebenzi inshorensi. Ngowe-1925, uRhulumente ukuba buzinzile iibhanki imali karhulumente ye-USSR. Baye zinikwe ezahlukeneyo iindidi iidipozithi, emveni kokuba ngaphandle bamthwala mboleko karhulumente kunye nokuthengiswa kwiqhina esiphumelelayo.

Ngowe-1933, eli lizwe ngaphezu kwama-50 amawaka iibhanki yokonga. Ngelo xesha kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, urhulumente emkhenkceni na imali ebekiweyo kwenani labemi, kwaye imali iye kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubuchule ukuziphendulela karhulumente. Emva yotshintsho lwemali imfazwe kunye Ukuphuculwa egcina imali yaye kuthwalelwa phandle. Kamva, urhulumente basebenzise ngenkuthalo ezi zakhiwo ukuze kuboleko zasekhaya kuluntu.

Njengoko le meko kwezoqoqosho USSR kwiminyaka 60-70 wawuyichaza: labemi waba imali, kodwa bachitha amaninzi akubanga ngenxa koko, urhulumente wakhuthaza abantu ukuba imali yayo kwiibhondi zikarhulumente kunye ukuyilwa akhawunti yokonga. Ngoko ke kwavela njengoba isilogeni ethandwayo: "Hlalani imali yakho ebhankini imali!". Ngenxa yotshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kwi-90 yaba qhwa kanye kunye nokupheliswa buso yesibambiso. Urhulumente nangoku byi emidlalweni imbuyekezo kwezinye amacandelo oluntu. De kube sekupheleni kwale nkqubo ayibonakali.

Savings banks namhlanje

Namhlanje, kumazwe amaninzi luyaqhubeka ukuba into yezemali zebhanki yokonga karhulumente. La maziko zijoliswe ekutsaleni iidipozithi naphakathi ezivela eluntwini. Sekunjalo, imali - oku yinxalenye encinane kakhulu yenkqubo mihla zemali anoqoqosho kuphuhliswa. Umzekelo, e-Italy, umzekelo, esebenza kulo lonke 87 iibhanki imali kwi-US bathi akhawunti ngenxa ekhulwini ezimbalwa nje imali iyonke yezimali zeli lizwe. Loo unciphiso kula maziko ube ngenxa kwinkqubo yogcino lwehlabathi.

Savings iibhanki neyodwa yazo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa States ezininzi, iibhanki imali aguqulwe iibhanki imali. oku kuthetha ntoni ukuba umsebenzisi elula? La maziko zibonelela ngeenkonzo ngaphezulu. Awunako nje ukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iidipozithi, kodwa kwakhona ukuthatha ngetyala ukuba naziphi na iimfuno, ukusombulula iinjongo zotyalo-mali, ihambo imisebenzi kunye lwemali kunye nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo.

Iibhanki kukuhlawulwa kunye nemali imisebenzi, libonelela ngeeprogram inshorensi. Namhlanje, ingqikelelo "Savings Bank" liya ukuthuthela eduze ingcamango "yibhanki commercial". Umahluko, sigcine, kuphela abaqali - ngokufuthi iibhanki ekongeni ngomnye wabaseki aphambili karhulumente.

Sberbank of Russia

Ngelo xesha elinye kwi-USSR, intetho Chief Financial, njengoko senditshilo, ibe eli binzana: "Hlalani imali yakho ebhankini imali." Le isilogeni usebenza okwangoku Sberbank of Russia, hayi ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngowe-1988, iibhanki imali karhulumente ziye zavuselelwa futhi uguqulwe ube Savings Bank (Sberbank). Yaye kude kube ngoku, abantu olunjani ukuba ibhanki karhulumente, nangona 90 leminyaka ubudala inkampani kwemfuyo kunye nemali yabucala. Kodwa ke urhulumente igcina emhandzini yayo Sberbank ngenkuthalo ayixhase, ekusekeni ukubeka njengoko yebhanki engundoqo eli lizwe.

Iintlobo imisebenzi yebhanki lokonga

Ekuqaleni, nayiphi na ibhanki imali central wamkela imali yomdla woluntu phantsi imfuno, ngoko kwakukho iidiphozithi ixesha kunye nokuthengiswa neentambo. Namhlanje, iibhanki imali nazo zinika iinkonzo imali yokuhlala, yokutshintsha imali, iinkonzo imali, ngokunjalo wokubolekisa ngemali kunye notyalo-mali. Ukongeza, i-Savings Bank inika iinkonzo ukuqokelelwa, intsebenziswano nezibambiso kunye nezinye ii-asethi, inshorensi idipozithi, ubomi kunye nempahla.

Imisebenzi webhanki lokonga

Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo, nto leyo elenza ebhankini imali, kukuba ukukhulisa uluntu. Kule meko, iibhanki imali kuqhubeka kulo isithethe - bona isixhobo ingundoqo wokuhlanganisa imali kwaye zizibandakanye kuqoqosho lokwenene.

La maziko zemali zinendima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho, njengoko inika intshukumo lwenkunzi, ngokunjalo ukukhuthaza abemi ukwenza imali, nto leyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo mali karhulumente.