Udmurt Religion: Christianity, ubuhedeni and Islam. Culture of Udmurtia

indawo yesibini kwi inani kwi iqela Finno-Ugric Udmurt izizwe ukulidla. Ngokutsho manani ezisemthethweni, eRashiya, zihlala isiqingatha ngaphezu kwesigidi - kwi Udmurt Republic neziphaluka ezikufuphi. Inkcubeko aba bantu iye yakhula iinkulungwane ezininzi, kwinxalenye esemantla Udmurtia Russian alawule, nakwelasezantsi - eTurkey.

Ke umbuzo malunga unqulo Udmurts, ngoko nawa amasebe embalwa, inkoliso yabantu abathi ukholo Orthodox, kodwa kukho abo bathi Islam. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ukuba kukho uye wandiswa ubuhedeni ixesha ngokwaneleyo elide.

Ubuqaba ku Udmurtia

Udmurtia, kwakunye nezinye Republic Finno-Ugric, iye kubuphepha ubuhedeni. UbuKristu baqala ukungena kwinkulungwane XIII kwimimandla kumantla Udmurtia. Noko ke, de kube sekupheleni yamkelwe yi abantu balapha kuba kabi kwisiko ubhaptizo, ukufunda imithandazo imide nezintsonkothileyo, engazi ulwimi yonqulo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye enkulu yabantu ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ixesha baba nabahedeni. Kodwa ke zonke kumntla, apho impembelelo Russia.

Inxalenye akumazantsi Udmurt Republic ixesha elide kwaba phantsi koxinzelelo zamaTurkic, kude kube ekubulaleni Kazan Khanate. uxinzelelo ngakumbi unqulo waziva Udmurts ababeyinxalenye iVolga Bulgaria, kunye nentwana kamva baba yinxalenye Golden mkhosi. Kodwa Udmurts baba esingelwe kakhulu ubuhedeni ukuba phantsi koxinzelelo esinamandla Islam, inkoliso yabantu ayizange iguquke ukholo.

Uphuhliso of Christianity

Uxwebhu lokuqala basingqinela nokufika ubuKristu e Udmurtia, umhla kunyaka 1557. Ngoxa iintsapho nje 17 Udmurtia bangabhaptizwa aba Orthodox, eziphendula oku, Tsar Ivan Grozny pha kubo amanye amalungelo.

Koko, emva kancinane kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kummandla Udmurtia iinzame ukubandakanya ubunzima bantu Orthodox. Urhulumente ixesha sagqiba ukwakha inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo amabandla Orthodox Udmurtia. Abathunywa bevangeli yokuhlala wathumela, ngubani Sizibandakanye ukukhuthaza kunye nokwakhiwa iicawa nje kuphela, kodwa izikolo.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba lonke unqulo yobuhedeni Udmurts ngokuqinileyo exabileyo igazi, yaye ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezininzi ngakumbi yeyobuKristu yabantu lwaqhutywa amanyathelo ezinzima. Abantu abaninzi ababenqula yazychnichestvu, batshutshiswa, emangcwabeni abo sitshabalalisa ooAshera, kwaye inkqubo lobuKristu ngokwayo kakhulu, olucothayo kakhulu.

Orthodox kwi XVIII-XIX eminyaka

Ngowe-1818, okokuqala apha iKomiti eBhayibhileni, apho wayesebenza khona ababingeleli hayi kuphela eRussia evulekileyo, kodwa nabo bathatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi bababingeleli Udmurt. Kule minyaka mihlanu izayo okuyiphatha umsebenzi enkulu, nto leyo ekhokelele ukuguqulelwa zeVangeli ezine.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abantu Udmurt azinikezelwanga bamelane ngamandla nxamnye kwimfundiso, njengoko kwakunjalo Mordovia. Inkoliso yabantu wahlala abahedeni, kodwa abaphikisana eyimpumelelo ivaliwe.

Ngaloo minyaka kwakukho lobuKristu kancinane ngaphandle nemiqobo emininzi kunye nomzabalazo yoluntu. Noko ke, ngokutsho iirekhodi zembali, e Udmurtia kulo utyando uluntu ezimbini anti-lamaKristu.

Abalwa Orthodox

Kwinkulungwane XIX kwi kwiriphabliki kwakukho iintshukumo nje ezimbini, ingcinga engundoqo lowo ukuseta bendawo ukuze ubuKristu. Omnye wabo yaba ihlelo - "Vylepyrisi". Neentloko zezindlu mphakathi ababingeleli noosiyazi, baye benza ngezikweko yabantu, bemmangalela wakhuthaza bonke ukuba beze. Ukuba ke abenzi njalo, ngoko ubomi babo kuphuma umvumbo omnyama, ezigcwele iingxaki.

Le nkolo entsha yaba utshaba Udmurt Russian, nabo bonke ezenzeka ekuhlaleni akuvumelekile ukuba banxibe iimpahla ebomvu, kaloku ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba adibane Russian.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX kwakukho omnye ihlelo - "Lipopoklonniki", leyo nxamnye nazo zonke ezinye iinkonzo, kubandakanywa ubuhedeni laye liyathandwa uhlanga. Le ndawo ayisazi nantoni na ngaphandle ukutya kumyshki (ivodka zesizwe) kunye utywala kufutshane umthi Linden esingcwele, yaye naye uvalwe ngokupheleleyo kwi zonxibelelwano kunye nabantu bezinye iicawa.

Zaguquka zenkolo

Enkosi kwi "ityala Multan" ubuhedeni e Udmurtia waqalisa ukuhla. Ngowe-1892, abantu abaninzi abaselula batyholwa ngokwenza idini ngomntu. Loko abantu abaninzi baqonde ukuba olu hlobo lonqulo akasebenzi.

Abemi abaninzi Siqinisekile, kwaye siyakholwa, ukuba eli tyala ngokugqwetha ngurhulumente ixesha kubemi bezo ndawo ekugqibeleni waba obudala ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa abantu abaninzi baye batshintsha uluvo lwabo malunga ngokholo, yaye ezinye nangoku bezibhekiselwe kwiinkolelo zawo.

Ngo-1917 kwi kummandla Udmurtia mihla waphila inani elikhulu abavela Russian. Oku kwenza ukuba abantu abaninzi abaye baba ngamaKristu phakathi kwabantu Udmurt. nani athandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha Gregory Vereshchagin - ngumbingeleli Udmurt. Unqulo yexesha elichithwa ulwimi Russian kunye Udmurt.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inxalenye enkulu yabantu ngelo xesha inkolelo ezimbini. Oko kukuthi, baya ecaweni, kodwa enye ngexesha ezidibeneyo iikhonsepthi abahedeni Orthodox. abalandeli bokwenyaniso ubuhedeni ngelo xesha kwakungekho elide kangaka. Kodwa abo Staley luyeke ukusebenza uze basasaze iinkolelo zabo phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.

Unqulo kwinkulungwane XX in Udmurtia

Kule 20 yenkulungwane lokugqibela wadala Udmurt Ukuzilawula Republic. Kule ndawo kukho abantu ngokwaneleyo ufundile kwaye ekuthiwa zizifundiswa. Bonke abo bathembekileyo yobuhedeni, hayi Ndisisingcikivo, yaye akukho uxinzelelo phezu kwabo ngabasemagunyeni. Noko ke, emva kokuba-10 iminyaka kule ndawo kwakhona uqale intshutshiso nentshabalalo nezazi yasekuhlaleni. Ababingeleli akhubazeke iintshaba babantu, nabo bonke abo bangena ezandleni abasemagunyeni, zaye zinganakwa.

Akuvumelekile ukuba aququzelele imithandazo, abantu belali nooAshera ntsapho zatshatyalaliswa, wazigawula iintsika zika-Ashera ezingcwele. Kule xanisiwa ka imeko kwiriphabliki ukuba nje kwintlekele. babonakala Kukho amanani omkhulu butywala phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni, umlinganiselo ukuzalwa yaba ngaphantsi yaseRussia. Kule mizi, kwenziwa konke okusemandleni ukuba Russified, kunye Udmurts zomthonyama baba iingcali kakuhle ezisezantsi abanezakhono.

Oku kucinezelwa yathatha malunga engama-50, yaye kuphela kokufika 80s inani elikhulu iintshukumo yenkcubeko ubonakala kweli lizwe, abafuna ukubuyisela isizwe sabo. Ukubuyiselwa ubuzwe nonqulo bafuna, iminyaka eliqela kule ndawo kweli lizwe ukungaqiniseki, kodwa kuqala 1989 kusekho ngumtshangatshangiso iqala Orthodox.

republic abakhulu

Ngexesha ukuza wenqila uBhishophu Omkhulu Palladius, owaqalisa ukubuyiselwa Orthodox, kodwa akazange ubusebenza kakhulu kulo mbandela enzima. kweminyaka 4 kamva yosisi okhokelwa uBhishophu Nicholas, ngubani iminyaka emininzi eye waphumelela engakholelekiyo.

Kwiminyaka nje emithathu inani amarhamente liye landa ngokucacileyo, yaqala ukuvela abantu abafundileyo, naye ngoxa convents ezintathu zavuleka, yaye loo msebenzi namhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, iSikolo seCawe, yaye baqalisa umba yokuqala iphephandaba "Udmurtia Orthodox". Archbishop Nicholas wasungula intsebenziswano kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni uninzi nezazi. inkolo yobu Udmurts ngexesha wayesiya ngokusebenzisa amaxesha okusemandleni alo.

Culture of Udmurtia

Njengoko ingxelo ngaphambili, inkcubeko abantu kwakheka phantsi kweempembelelo iinkalo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa oku, lo mmandla uye izinxibo ezikhethekileyo, izithethe namasiko.

zedrama kazwelonke

Nokuba 100 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iikhosityum yesizwe sabantu zenziwa ekhaya evela kwizinto ezifana lwegusha namalaphu. Udmurtka ummandla kumantla ayenxiba ihempe yelinen emhlophe kunye ebhatyini esilukiweyo (into efana ingubo). Kwagqitywa kwambatha ingubo enkulu kunye ibhanti.

Kumazantsi yokunxiba yesizwe kwiriphabliki ngayo yahlukile. Kukho kwakhona ihempe yelinen langoku, kodwa wabeka phezu ibhatyi esingenamikhono okanye idyasi. Shirt kufuneka ezifakwa phantsi iibhulukhwe. Yonke impahla kufuneka babe umbala, njengoko umhlophe kuphela ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo. Isenokuba hombisa emfakamfele phezu iingalo kunye nesifuba.

headgear

iminqwazi ooMama luphawulwa ngeyantlukwano yabo. Kuba oku isinxibo, uyakwazi ukubona okuninzi malunga umnini: ubudala, ubume bomtshato, isimo.

Abasetyhini atshatileyo, kufuneka ibe 'yyrkerttet "- intloko kunye eziphelweni ngetawuli liqengqiwe. A isici esasenza lo isigqubuthelo - iziphelo ngetawuli kufuneka aye phantsi emqolo. Kwakhona watshata ezinde ixolo eliphezulu wesinxibo umnqwazi ngesigqubuthelo, kufuneka sheathe ngelaphu kunye zemali yahonjiswa.

Amantombazana ke ezisebunzi - "ukotug" okanye ngelaphu umnqwazi (kufuneka ube ubungakanani elincinane).

ekhishini Udmurtia

Ukutya kakhulu kolu hlanga isonka, isuphu umqa. Kwi-endala inyama kunye zobisi izitya ingqalelo ukutya ebusika kwaye zilungiswe kuphela ekwindla nasebusika. Kwakukho ezininzi imifuno aqhelekileyo asetyenziswayo kuzo phantse naluphi na uhlobo: ekrwada, ebilisiweyo, wazosa izonkana, yathamba.

Ukuba iholide, oko waba phezu ubusi etafileni, cream imuncu kunye namaqanda. Hi ndlela leyi, omnye izitya uthandwayo Udmurtia, ode waya kufikelela kwixesha langoku - amadombolo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngenxa Eurovision nokwenziwa "ogogo Buranovskiye" ehlabathini unenzondelelo iiresiphi zesizwe eziliqela, perepechi ezinjalo, nto leyo ngaphambili uzame kuphela Udmurtia.

Nomnikelo yesizwe zabantu isonka kunye beet kvass, ibhiya kunye Mead. Kakade ke, isizwe nganye nomnikelo walo yesizwe, e Udmurt - kumyshka (asile iinkozo).

Inkolo nezithethe Udmurt

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Udmurt - republic, apho kwakukho abantu abaninzi kangaka iintlanga ezazikho kulo lonke ixesha wanikezela intshutshiso ingcinezelo, kodwa akazange anikezele. Okwangoku, unqulo Udmurts - Orthodox, kodwa emaphandleni, ungakwazi ukufumana kakhulu inani labantu, ukuba le mini nabahedeni.

Abantu abanokholo olunjalo ukuqhuba izenzo ezahlukeneyo lokuhlambulula. Ngokomzekelo, phambi kokuba yonke Iziseko zeentsapho "Kuala" waba eyadini. Abantu bendawo babekholelwa ukuba ubomi vorshud - umgcini umoya uhlobo. Lonke usapho bamzisa umbingelelo zokutya ezahlukeneyo.

Leeholide zenyanga ababingeleli Cuale benza izithethe ezahlukeneyo kunqulo oothixo, inxaxheba nabo kunye nosapho. Ngenxa amasiko abo, ababingeleli wacela oothixo ukuba imozulu elungileyo, ukuvuna, ezempilo, impumelelo ephathekayo, kunye nangaphezulu. Emva koku, kwibhoyila wayelungiselela ipapa isiko, nto leyo kuqala ukuze babingelele koothixo, ngoko Badla bonke abathathi-nxaxheba yezithethe. Eli nyathelo kakhulu zithandwa e Udmurtia, yaye kukholelwa ukuba yonke intsapho kufuneka acele kwintlalontle imimoya ndiwabuyise umbingelelo izipho ezahlukeneyo.

Ndiqinisekile ukuba bonke lali uAshera engcwele, apho izihlandlo eziliqela kulo nyaka ukuba amasiko ezahlukeneyo imithandazo yenziwe. Ndwendwela kwenzeka kuphela kwiintsuku ukulimela kuluqokelela kunye amaqunube kunye nezinye iziqhamo balelwa ngokungqongqo. Kwakhona akuvumelekanga Ashera engcwele utyani iinkomo, ngokubanzi, ukuba batyelele le ndawo akuvumelekanga ukuba nabani na, kodwa ukuba baqhube amasiko ngendlela ngokukhethekileyo zibekelwe imini.

Xa iziko kule ndawo kukhona umthi, iingcambu ezo sangcwatywa ezahlukeneyo izipho imibingelelo yabo oomoya abaphila ngaphantsi komhlaba. amaxhoba Ngokuqhelekileyo aba intaka okanye isilwanyana. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwezinye iilali, kunye neentsuku wemithandazo ebanjwe Ashera ezingcwele namhlanje.

isiphelo

Udmurt - weRiphabliki, ixesha elide kwaba ukuba abe Orthodox. Noko ke, intloko Udmurt Republic (ngoku esi sithuba okwethutyana uAleksandr Brechalov) wathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwakhona waphila ubuhedeni, Ngokwezibalo, okwangoku-7% yabantu bakhona yobuhedeni.

Ngoko ke, ibandla izama ukuba singalahlekani nezinto ndafuna iinkulungwane, bazama ukukhusela ulutsha lwanamhlanje evela iinkolelo endala. Kwakhona intloko Udmurt Republic ingxelo ukuba kwizixeko olu phuhliso anayenza, kunye ubuhedeni savuka kuphela zokuhlala ezincinci.