Ubume kwimakhishithi, i nomphandle wocango

Leaf - kwezityalo osecaleni imilibo igunya. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi yonke zesityalo, isakhiwo igqabi zihlelwe ukuba liyakwazi ukumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo ukuba wenze imisebenzi yawo - photosynthesis, abe ngumphunga kunye negesi lotshintshiselwano, Guttation. I Iphepha nga ilungiswe kwaye inaliti (njengoko Conifers) okanye liva (Cacti kunye barberry, njl njl). inguqu okunjalo icala emahlamvini awo aphezulu abasemagunyeni ukunceda izityalo ukuphila kwimimandla zezulu ezahlukeneyo.

Ulwakhiwo lwangaphandle sheet kuxhomekeke iintlobo zezityalo. Ngoko ke, ukwahlula ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, lusengozini, amagqabi sessile kunye laqina. Phantse yonke icala luphinde ludubuleke abasemagunyeni sandisa isabelo - blade igqabi, esenokuba eqinileyo, ngenxeba, ibe likhaba okanye eyahlukileyo. Le petiole, leyo befunda umzimba eziphambili apha esikhondweni, kwaye babe khona ngokupheleleyo, ngoko bathi uluhlu "umzimba" okanye beschereshkovy. Ukuba lamina leyo encircles ngokupheleleyo ngathi yimpontshane, oko entwine ecaleni imilibo igunya. Xa angiosperms kunye petioles igqabi kwaye stipules ezikhusela amagqabi aselula yayisel axillary.

Isakhiwo morphological wetshati nayo ibonisa ubukho iimilo alula nanzima. Nje obizwa ngokuba umzimba omkhulu befunda izityalo, ukuba unalo Njengokungeniswa kwesithungu kunye blade leaf, eziwa ngokupheleleyo (maple, Lilac, willow). Amagqabi ambaxa babe petiole 1 kunye iincakuba eziliqela igqabi ukuba awe ngamnye (Anut, nezompleyini, uthuthu).

Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iphepha efanayo kuzo zonke izityalo. Leaf blade phezulu nasezantsi legqunyiwe ngomaleko sangaphandle, nto leyo eyenza ulusu. Ezinye flora apha esikhumbeni aphezulu lunwele inokuba, umboniso-Ulobuza okanye ngeso lenyama, anencindi. Ezi zonke izixhobo zokhuseleko ezithintela nobushushu, ukutsha, ngokugqithiseleyo uwase amanzi. Uqweqwe Ilaphu izityalo ezininzi, ngecala emazantsi sheet iye slotted imingxunyana - yokondliwa, leyo kufuneka iiseli ezimbini labalindi. Emva izixhobo stomatal iigesi uvavanywe kunye nomphunga wamanzi, njengoko kwi ukubaleka zisecaleni umzimba ngokwawo kwaye olubonakalayo.

Isakhiwo yeselula ye-sheet ibonisa ubukho yemeko - le mesophyll, lwahlulwe lwaba (columnar) parenchyma nomsi- kunye palisadnuyu. Iiyunithi noshowo izihlunu columnar ineenkalo eziliqela enkulu chloroplasts, ezinako ukukulumkisela ngaphezu kwelanga. I-cell kakhulu olusondeleyo ukunxibelelana nabanye, isenziwa zabo photosynthesis. inyama nomsi- ukhandwa amasuntswana eziziziqalelo ophilileyo, ukuba zibe imilo mgaqweni, isixa esikhulu kwento intercellular kwaye kakhulu lathamba zibekwe ngokwabo. Kuthatha inxenye, kodwa hayi esebenzayo njengoko parenchyma ezitsolo, nokwenziwa, ngokunjalo ngokutshintshelana layo negesi isithuba umoya kwenzeka. Kwakhona kwi sheet ezi imithambo asebenza aba, abathatha inxaxheba ukutya. Kumnandi ke kubo amanzi kunye zizinto yezimbiwa nakwesiphi na ukubaleka zisecaleni iiseli zomzimba, kwaye iziphumo wetshati ngokwayo eziphilayo ezimbaxa senziwa inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Ngemithambo ezinkulu singqongwe iinyanda ifayibha ezenziwa izihlunu ngoomatshini kwaye unika Igqabi amandla.

Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo iphepha entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye ibangelwa imisebenzi eyenziwa ngulo umzimba - nokwenziwa, exchange igesi, Guttation kunye ngumphunga. Kwakhona, ngaphandle engundoqo, iphepha nako ukwenza imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo - ukhuseleko (ameva), isitokhwe izinto (izikali kwezibane) kunye andise kwezityalo.