Isakhiwo somcimbi

I-atomic-molecular structure of matter yaqala ukufundiswa ngamandla yiLomonosov. Usosayensi waseRashiya kuqala wasebenzisa i-theory kwi-chemistry, eyona nto ibincitshiswa kwiindawo ezithile.

1. Zonke izinto ziquka "i-corpuscles" ekubunjweni kwazo. Eli lizwi uLomonosov libiza ngokuba iimlekyuli.
2. Iimpawu ziqukethe "izinto". ULomonosov wasebenzisa eli gama ukutyumba ii-athomu.
3. Zonke iinqununu (zombini i-athomu kunye nama-molecule) zihamba ngokuqhubekayo. Umoya ovuthayo wezo zonke iziko luyimiphumo yesigxina seengqungquthela zombuso.
4. Ii-athomu ezifanayo zenza iamolekyu kwizinto ezilula, i- atom ezahlukeneyo-i-molecule kwizinto ezinzima.

Imfundiso ye-Atomistic yasetyenziswa ngeDalton. Isiseko semfundiso yesazinzulu saseNgesi, echaza ukubunjwa kwemicimbi, iphinda iphinda ifundise uLomonosov. Nangona kunjalo, iDalton yayiphakamisile. Isayensi yenzululwazi yazama ukucacisa imibala ye-atomic yezinto ezaziwayo ngelo xesha. Kule meko, uDalton wayephikile ukuba kukho izinto ezilula zeamolekyuli, ephikisa ukuba into elula iqukethe i-atom kuphela. Nangona iimeko eziyinkimbinkimbi ziquka "ii-atom ezinzima."

Ekugqibeleni, imfundiso ye-atomic-molecular properties of substances yasungulwa kuphela phakathi kwekhulu le-19.

I-molecule ibizwa ngokuba yincinci encinane yomba. Inayo yonke imveliso yeekhemikhali yelungu. I-Atom - i-particle encinci, ifakwe kwi-molecule yezinto ezinzima kwaye ezilula. Ukubunjwa kwe-atom kuthatha iipropathi zeemveliso zezinto. Ngokweli lungiselelo, inkcazo yanamhlanje yincinci encinci ilandela. Ngaloo ndlela, i-athomu yincithakalo engathathi hlangothi kagesi. Iqukethe inucleus ehlawuliswe kakuhle, kwaye iifowuni zihlawuliswa kakubi.

Ngokuhambelana neengcamango zanamhlanje, iamolekyu zenza imizimba enokuphuphuma. Kwiziqulatho, iincinci ezincinci (iamolekyuli) zikhona phantsi kweemeko zobunjani be- crystal lattice, leyo leyo, ene-molecular molecular structure.

Zininzi iimfundiso ezisisiseko.

Iingcamango ezichazayo isakhiwo senkalo kubonisa ukufumaneka kwexesha elithile phakathi kweengqungquthela. Ubungakanani beemida ezixhomekeke kumgangatho wobushushu kunye nelizwe elibanzi lezinto . Iimpazamo ezinkulu phakathi kwee molecule zigcinwa kwiimpawu ezinobuncwane. Oku kubangela ukuba amandla e-gases asebenze kalula. Umncinci kakhulu umgama phakathi kwama-molecule kwi-liquids, ngoko banciphisa ubunzima. Iimithi ezinqabileyo zisoloko zingenakuqhathaniswa, ngenxa yokuba ulwahlulo phakathi kweengqungquthela lincinci.

Iimaloleksi zihlala zihamba. Ukuphakama kweqondo lokushisa komzimba, ukuphakama kwesantya sokunyakaza. Phakathi kweengqungquthela zikhona iimpembelelo zokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuthandwa.

Iimleksile ziqukethe ii-athomu eziqhubekayo zihamba.

Olunye uhlobo lwee-athomu alufani nolunye kwindawo kunye nobukhulu.

Iimpawu zesakhiwo se-molecular ngesimo esomeleleyo zinama-lattic lattices, eziquka i-molecule. Ubhonkco phakathi kweengqungquthela zibuthathaka kwaye ziyaqhawuka xa zitshisa. Ngoko ke, loo mizimba inamaphuzu aphantsi.

Amalungu anokufumana esinye isakhiwo. Iimpawu zingaba nee-atom kunye nezinye iindidi ezenza ama-lattic lattices (umzekelo, insimbi, nezinye izinyithi). Kukho ubudlelwane obuqilileyo phakathi kwezi ngqungquthela. Ukubatshabalalisa, kubalulekile ukuchitha amandla amaninzi. Esi sakhiwo sombono sithatha indawo ephezulu yokuqhaqha.

Iziganeko ezininzi zichazwe ngokusekelwe kwimfundiso. Umzekelo, ukusabalalisa. Le nqubo isekelwe kumandla ama particles, iamolekyu, ii-atom ukungena kwiingcambu ezikhoyo phakathi kwee-atom okanye i-molecule kwenye into. Oku kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhamba rhoqo kweengqungquthela ezenza umzimba.