Teleportation Quantum: ezifunyaniswe enkulu zesayensi

teleportation Quantum yenye migaqo ibalulekileyo ulwazi quantum. Ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zezakhiwo akangowesiphithiphithi, kuba yeyona nkalo iphambili kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ulwazi kwaye imele ukuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ubugcisa quantum idlala indima ephambili kuphuhliso olungaphezulu becomputing quantum, zonxibelelwano kunye nonxibelelwano.

Ukusuka yesayensi ukuze izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu

Kuye kwaba ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini ukususela kwafunyanwa teleportation quantum, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yenye ngemiphumo kakhulu umdla yaye ebangel 'ngokungaqheleki "wokulungisa quantum. Ngaphambi kokuba le yenziwa olufunyanisiweyo ezinkulu, le mbono yaba kummandla yesayensi. Okokuqala kusungulwe Charles H. Fort elithi "teleportation" ngo-1931 sele isetyenziswe ukuchaza inkqubo ngawo umzimba kwaye izinto zidluliselwa ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye, oko ngokwenene ukoyisa umgama phakathi kwabo.

Ngowe-1993 wapapasha inqaku echaza protocol ulwazi quantum, ebizwa ngokuba "teleportation quantum", ngubani ekwabelwana ezinye ezi mpawu zidweliswe ngasentla. It isimo unknown inkqubo emzimbeni lulinganiselwa kwaye ngokutsha emva koko, okanye "re-Ngokwenza" kwisiza ekude (izinto ezibonakalayo kwenkqubo yokuqala ahlale kwindawo transfer). Le nkqubo ifuna ukuba iindlela classical zonxibelelwano kunye khipha unxibelelwano superluminal. Kufuneka ubomi lihlazo. Eneneni, teleportation ingabonwa njenge protocol lolwazi quantum ukuba ubonisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo uhlobo isiphithiphithi, kuba ngaphandle ubukho lwemo ukutshintshwa ngaba akukwazeki ngaphakathi-sikhokelo yemithetho ezichaza ubucukubhede umyinge.

Teleportation oye wadlala indima ebonakalayo kuphuhliso inzululwazi ulwazi. Kwelinye icala, lo protocol sengqiqo, nto leyo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso esesikweni quantum theory ulwazi, kunye kwelinye ngayo licandelo esisiseko ubugcisa ezininzi. Le zabaphindayo quantum - oyena ndoqo zokunxibelelana nabantu abakude. Teleportation itshintshela quantum, intelekelelo ngokusekelwe imilinganiselo kunye womnatha umyinge - yonke yezabelo zayo. Oku kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo elula ukuba izifundo "obukhulu" yemvelo, phezu ezigoso okwethutyana kunye komphunga ezivuzayo abamnyama.

Namhlanje teleportation quantum kuqinisekiswa bokuba umhlaba jikelele kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo substrates kunye nobuchwephesha, kuquka qubits photonic, livakale magnetic zenyukliya, iindlela enombala, amaqela athom, i-atom ebambeke kunye neenkqubo semiconductor. iziphumo ezibalaseleyo ziye ziphunyeziwe kwi teleportation kuluhlu imifuniselo uyeza satellites. Ngaphezu koko, kwazanywa ukonyusa kwiinkqubo ezimbaxa ngakumbi.

teleportation of qubits

Quantum teleportation wachazwa kuqala ukuba iinkqubo level-mbini, babizwa ngokuba qubits. Protocol ingqalelo amaqela ezikude ezimbini, ekuthiwa Alice and Bob, ababelana qubit 2, A and B zezi benozuko esulungekileyo bofanelana bephinyelene, ekwabizwa ngokuba pair Bell. Ekungeneni Alice anikwe enye qubit kunye ρ kabani imeko ayaziwa. Ke wenza somlinganiselo joint quantum, ebizwa kwafunyanwa Bell. Athwala kwaye A komnye ezine Bell States. Ngenxa yoko, igalelo imo qubit xa kulinganiswa Alice shwaka kunye Bob B qubit ngaxeshanye lwaluboniswa P ^† _k ρP _k. Kule yokugqibela linyathelo protocol Alice sithumela result classical zemilinganiselo yayo Bob, owenza isicelo umqhubi _k uPauli P ukubuyisela ρ yokuqala.

Isimo sokuqala of a qubit Alice ithathwa engaziwa, kuba kungenjalo protocol liye lancitshiswa umlinganiselo emajukujukwini. Ukongeza, mhlawumbi ngokwalo kuba yinxalenye yenkqubo zizonke ezinkulu, ekwabelwana kunye neqela lesithathu (kulo mzekelo teleportation ngempumelelo zonke kufuna correlations ukudlala kulo umntu wesithathu).

Into eqhelekileyo ye teleportation quantum ithatha kwimeko yangaphambili esulungekileyo yaye bobakhe a oonobumba imiqathango, umzekelo, nezibonda ezintandathu Bloch sphere. Phambi umgangatho decoherence karhulumente ngokutsha lungabonakaliswa oluchanekileyo nangokobungakanani teleportation F ∈ [0, 1]. Le ukuchaneka phakathi kwamazwe ka-Alice kunye Bob, avareji phezu zonke iziphumo efumanise intsimbi kunye oonobumba yokuqala. Kuba amaxabiso ezincinane obubalulekileyo ngokuchaneka iindlela ezikhoyo, bavulelele ukuba teleportation ngaphandle kwezibonelelo kokunzima abangafezekanga. Ngokomzekelo, uAlice awulinganise ngqo yaso ngokuthumela Bob soqulunqo karhulumente isiphumo. Esi sicwangciso-uqeqesho womlinganiselo obizwa ngokuba "teleportation weklasiki." It has a ukuchaneka ubuninzi _udidi F = 2/3 ukuba naliphi na ilizwe igalelo, lo alfabhethi elingana iimeko ngokufanayo cala ezifana Bloch kwinqanaba izibonda ezintandathu.

Ngenxa yoko, isalathiso esicacileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo quantum yinto F ixabiso ngqo> _{udidi F.}

Akukho qubit eyodwa

Ngokutsho physics quantum, teleportation of qubits kungaphelelanga, oko kuquka inkqubo multi emacala-. Kuba nganye sokuzalwa umlinganiselo d kukwazi ukwakhiwa scheme elifanelekileyo teleportation usebenzisa isiseko kakhulu zithwala efunekayo karhulumente elinokufumaneka bekwimo kakhulu ningabuyi kunye a isiseko {U _k} abasebenzisi ecalanye ngokwanelisa ^{_{ts (U † j U k)}} = dδ j, k . Loo protocol bakhelwe naziphi anesiphelo-Hilbert r isithuba. N. Iinkqubo ezahlukene variable.

Ngaphezu koko, teleportation quantum ungenza isicelo iinkqubo enesithuba infinite Hilbert, ekuthiwa iinkqubo ngokuqhubekayo-bume. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba ifezekiswe yi iindlela ezisebenzisa boson, intsimi yombane leyo linokuchazwa abanini quadrature.

Isantya nokungaqiniseki siseko

Yintoni isantya teleportation quantum? Ulwazi usasazwa ugqithiselwa ngesantya esifanayo isantya ukudluliselwa inani elifanayo Classic - mhlawumbi nge ngesantya ukukhanya. Isondlo, ke ngoko usetyenziswe, njani classical na - umzekelo, ikhompyutha quantum, baphi na data zifumaneka kuphela kumamkeli.

Ngaba teleportation quantum iyangqubana Umgaqo Ukungabi? Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ingcamango teleportation akaceli ngempela njengento ngabaphengululi, kuba kwakukholelwa ukuba kuhlukumeza umgaqo ethintela nayiphi yokulinganisa okanye ukufunda ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yokukhupha lonke atom ulwazi okanye enye into. Ukungqinelana nomgaqo ukungaqiniseki, ngqo ngakumbi into iskeniwe, kokukhona oku kuchatshazelwa yi inkqubo ukuskena de ingongoma kuphunyelelwa xa imeko lokuqala into kabi kangangokuba ngaphezulu ayikwazi zingafumaneka ulwazi ngokwaneleyo ukudala umfanekiso. Ikhala ekholisayo: ukuba umntu akakwazi ukuwutsala ulwazi ukusuka into ukwenza iikopi egqibeleleyo, akwazi ukuba yenziwe.

Quantum Teleportation for Dummies

Kodwa ke oosonzululwazi ezintandathu (Charles Bennett, Zhil Brassar, UClaude Crepeau, uRichard Dzhosa, Ashere peres, kunye Uilyam Vuters) bafumana indlela malunga logic, usebenzisa uphawu elidumileyo kunye ngamazwi Boomatshini quantum eyaziwa ngokuba Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen. Bafumana indlela ukuvavanya ulwazi teleported into A, kwaye eseleyo isabelo angavavanywanga nge kwesiphumo yodluliselo nezinye izinto ukunxibelelana A soze hlalani.

Kamva, bethobela C exposure nengxelo ixhomekeke ngaske ibe wangena karhulumente A ukuskena. Kwaye yena ayikho nemeko efanayo inkqubo ukuskena umva, oko zaphumelela teleportation, hayi ukuphindaphindeka.

Umzabalazo lebanga

• I teleportation lokuqala quantum kwenzeka ngo-1997 phantse ngexesha elinye zizazinzulu e University of Innsbruck kunye neYunivesithi baseRoma. Ngexesha nokuhlola ngumthombo photon kokuba nokwehlukana, kwaye enye iperi photons efunekayo litshintshiwe ukuze nokwehlukana photon yesibini yokuqala ezifunyenweyo. Zamitha zombini ziluhlaza ukuba wesikolo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye.
• Ngo-2012, bekukho teleportation rhoqo umyinge (China University of Science and Technology) ngokusebenzisa elwandle esiluhlaza kumgama km 97. Iqela izazinzulu ukusuka Shanghai ekhokelwa yi Juan Iinem bakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela lidiza ukuba ukuba umqadi ekujoliswe impela.
• NgoSeptemba, i teleportation irekhodi quantum ngomhla 143 km lwaqhutywa kulo nyaka. oososayensi Austrian evela Academy of Sciences of Austria kunye neYunivesithi yase Vienna phantsi kolwalathiso Antona Tsaylingera iye ezosulela ngempumelelo ithi Umyinge phakathi kwabo bobabini elikwiiCanary Islands of La Palma kunye Tenerife. Le lokulinga wasebenzisa imigca emibini unxibelelwano enombala kwindawo evulekileyo, kvantumnaya classic, rhoqo nokwehlukana uncorrelated bofanelana bephinyelene iperi ziluhlaza imithombo, sverhnizkoshumnye detectors abangatshatanga-photon kunye clutch clock ungqamaniso.
• Ngo-2015, abaphandi ukusuka US National Institute of Standards and Technology okwesihlandlo sokuqala wenza ukudluliselwa kolwazi umgama ongaphezu kwe-100 km ifayibha optical. Oku kwenziwe imibulelo ukuba zeli ziko wadala photon tshin usebenzisa nanowires lokwakhiwa of molybdenum silicide.

Kucacile ukuba ayikho ayikho iminqweno inkqubo quantum okanye ubuchwepheshe kunye ezifunyaniswe enkulu elizayo eziseza kwenzeka. Noko ke, simele sizame ukubona abaviwa ukuba izicelo ezithile teleportation. hybridization efanelekileyo kubo walungiselela isiseko engqinelanayo kunye neendlela zinokubonelela elizayo kakhulu elithembisayo teleportation quantum kunye izicelo zawo.

imigama emifutshane

Teleportation umgama omfutshane (1 m) njenge esezantsi ebalayo quantum izixhobo semiconductor ethembisayo, intle leyo umzobo QED. Ngokukodwa, qubits lokwakhiwa transmonovye kuni deterministic nezichanekileyo kakhulu teleportation chip. Yenza kwakhona kwemali ngqo-time, apho kubonakala kuyingxaki kwi chips photonic. Ukongeza, zinikeza bokwakha lokukala ngakumbi, kunye nokudityaniswa okungcono ubugcisa ezikhoyo njengoko kuthelekiswa iindlela elidlulileyo, ezifana ion rivaleleke. Okwangoku, i ethile kuphela kwezi nkqubo kubonakala kunesilinganiso zazo ixesha namathelwano (<100 ms). Le ngxaki ingasombululwa ngokusebenzisa QED nokumanyaniswa kwiisekethe semiconductor azisonti iiseli memory lomculo (nitrogen-endaweni kunye nezithuba okanye crystal doped iziqalelo kunqabile nomhlaba), nto leyo ukunika ixesha namathelwano elide ukuba umyinge yokugcina data. Okwangoku, le ukuphunyezwa ngumbandela iinzame uluntu lwazi.

link City

Kuthi Teleport ku isikali isixeko (iikhilomitha eziliqela) zinokuphuhliswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezamehlo. Xa ilahleko ephantsi ngokwaneleyo, ezi nkqubo zinika isantya esiphezulu kunye bandwidth. Bangakwazi kwandiswa ukusuka Ukusetyenziswa desktop iinkqubo eliphakathi-uluhlu ukuya ukusebenza emoyeni okanye ifayibha enombala, kunye uhlanganiso kunokwenzeka kunye lomculo memory quantum. Imigama emide, kodwa isantya asezantsi aokusetyenziswa yi indlela gqith okanye ngokuphuhlisa baphinda elungileyo ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo non-Gaussian.

zonxibelelwano

-Long Umgama teleportation quantum (ngaphezu kwe-100 km) yindawo esebenzayo, kodwa unale kwingxaki evulekileyo. qubits nokwehlukana - abathwali best for nesezantsi isantya Teleport phezu imigca emide fibre optic zonxibelelwano kunye emoyeni, kodwa Okwangoku protocol i probabilistic ngenxa ubhaqo engaphelelanga uBella.

Nangona teleportation probabilistic azibophelele zilungele ukusetyenziswa izicelo ezifana neyanamhlanje sizixhalabise kunye zokufihlakeleyoComment quantum, kodwa yahluke ngokucacileyo ukusuka unxibelelwano apho ulwazi ngegalelo kufuneka agcinwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuba samkela olu hlobo probabilistic, ukuphunyezwa kwe-satellite ngaphakathi ukufikelela ubuchwepheshe bale mihla. Ukongeza ekudibaniseni iindlela umkhondo, le ngxaki inkulu kakhulu ilahleko eziphakamileyo ebangelwe ukusasazeka umqadi. Oku zingaphunyezwa kwindawo uqwalaselo apho azibophelele isasazwa ukusuka ezazifotwe kweteleskopu ezisentlabathini kunye imbobo enkulu. Sithatha satellite beso ka-20 cm kwi-600 km ubude 1 m umngxuma Array emhlabeni, umntu angalindela malunga 75 dB yelahleko Isitishi downlink ukuba ngaphantsi kwe 80 dB kulahlekelwa kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Ukuphunyezwa 'umhlaba satellite "okanye" iqabane satellite "zintsonkothe kakhulu.

imemori quantum

ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo teleportation njengenxenye womnatha lokukala buhlobene ngqo iludibaniso lwayo kunye nememori quantum. Le yokugqibela kufuneka iliso ngokubhekiselele ukuguqulwa yekhompyutha "radiation-mhaka ', i ukuchaneka ushicilelo nokufunda, ixesha kunye namandla yokugcina, isantya esiphezulu kunye nomthamo yokugcina. Okokuqala ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise baphindayo ukuze kuphuculwe unxibelelwano kude ngaphaya transfer ngqo usebenzisa iikhowudi ukulungisa impazamo. Ukuveliswa memory elungileyo quantum kuya kuvumela nje ukuba asasaze singabanjwa nonxibelelwano womnatha teleportation, kodwa uqhagamshele ukuba ivelise inkcazelo igcinwe. Ekugqibeleni, oku kujika abe uthungelwano asasazwa kwihlabathi computer quantum okanye ngesiseko Internet quantum elizayo.

ezintsha ezithembisayo

ensembles Nuclear ngokwesiko lithathwa enomtsalane ngenxa beguqukele kakuhle i "ukukhanya-nto" kunye namaxesha azo millisecond yokugcina, anokuba ukuya ku-100 ms kwakufuneka ukukhanya kwihlabathi. Noko ke, inkqubela phambili ngakumbi ngoku kulindeleke ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo semiconductor, apho basonta elihle memory lomculo quantum ihlanganiswe ngqo sokuyilwa lokukala ka QED wesekethe. Le memory ayikwazi kuphela yandisa ixesha namathelwano wesiphaluka QED, kodwa kwakhona ukunika interface woqondo-microwave ngenxa interconversion of optical lonxibelelwano chip ziluhlaza microwave.

Ngenxa yoko, ezifunyaniswe elizayo izazinzulu kwinkalo ye-intanethi quantum kunokwenzeka ukuba isekelwe kwi-elide kumgama unxibelelwano enombala, iiyunithi conjugated semiconducting ukuze processing ulwazi quantum.