Ukugxeka oye - yintoni na le nto? Basics, imigaqo kunye neendlela yalondolozwa ukugxekwa

Asinguye wonke umntu uyayazi loo nto yalondolozwa. сферы распространения этой дисциплины, между тем, имеет огромное практическое значение. Ukuchaza kwenkululeko ukusasazeka olu qeqesho, elingumthombo, kubaluleke kakhulu pfunaka. Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

Yintoni bombhalo?

, как в дисциплине, собраны многочисленные произведения. Xa iincwadi, njengokuba ingqeqesho, baqokelela imisebenzi emininzi. Ukudala kubo wasebenzisa ezahlukahlukeneyo izifundo, iintsomi, impumelelo yabantu. рукописи, посмертные и прижизненные издания разных авторов, их дневников, писем, записных книг. ukugxekwa oye - kukufunda yesandla editions ubomi Kubala ababhali ezahlukeneyo, zabo iidayari, iileta, iikhompyutha eziphathwayo, iincwadi. Phakathi ingqeqesho bafunda kunye nemisebenzi lwemveli (iintsomi, epics njalo njalo.). специальная сфера филологии. lwemibhalo Historical - yinto sphere ekhethekileyo philology. Uqwalasela awohluke yokwakha kunye nokupapasha imisebenzi.

amasebe

Ngokuyintloko yobhalo - kukufunda lwemveli kunye neerekhodi zobugcisa. Amasebe ayo ume ngaphandle, ngokuxhomekeke phezu ingxaki ethile. Ngenxa yesi sizathu bahlule iindawo:

1. Zamandulo.
2. Ages Aphakathi.
3. Lwemveli.
4. uncwadi mpuma.
5. Works of kukanye.
6. imithombo Linguistic.
7. iingxelo zembali.

Kuthiwa iintlobo enjalo lwamashishini akuyiphazamisi ingqeqesho ukubala elinye.

inani

отрасль, которая занимает вполне конкретное и самостоятельное место. ukugxekwa oye - yinto kwishishini ithatha indawo ezithile ezizimeleyo. Ukuziphatha ngokusondeleyo kwezinye iinkalo philology. Ingakumbi, le mithombo theoretical nezembali ezisetyenziswa kuphando. Uhlalutyo imveliso yenziwa hayi kuphela nemilinganiso lwendawo ifomu ekugqibeleni kuphuhliswa. izifundo bombhalo umthombo kwaye nangokwexeshana.

Formation of isiyalo eYurophu

отрасль, существование которой прослеживается с самых древних времен. ukugxekwa oye - yinto kwishishini ubukho bawo kwasuka kumaxesha amandulo. Kulo mzekelo, lasungulwa wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba kwaye iye yanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo kunye nophuhliso ubomi lwentlalo nezenkcubeko. использовались в античной филологии при корректировке, толковании и комментировании записей. iindlela bombhalo ezisetyenziswa umphengululi lwamandulo ukuzivumelanisa, ukutolika bephawula entries blog. It abunjwe ekuqaleni ekuthiwa "ukugxeka eBhayibhileni" ngokwaneleyo. ukubonakala kwayo edibene amagama Origen, abomvu, uCelsus. Emva koko, le "ukugxeka yezibhalo" baqala ukutshintsha ubuntu yenzululwazi. Yi iinkulungwane 17-19 idale isiseko ukuqaliswa uhlalutyo isandi iincwadi zonqulo. A umkhwa entsha ezingqondweni zembali kwavela Renaissance. Ngeli xesha, saqiniswa kakhulu amaqhina kombhalo amacandelo yoluntu yezenzululwazi. Wabaseki imisinga zaseYurophu yeXesha New zithathwa German, Reyske, Bentley, njl Porson.

isikolo German

. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 yenza igalelo elibonakalayo ukuqondwa iziseko bombhalo. ingqalelo Key swi isifundo kwimithombo, ukuchonga i "archetype" uhlalutyo yohlobo olunye kweentshukumisa. UNjingalwazi Becker yasungulwa indlela ngundoqo ekulungiseleleni iimpapasho ababhali lwamaGrike namaRoma yamandulo. Kamva, yena oqeshwe Leopold von Ranke ukuya intsimi enkulu uphando zembali. isikolo Isijamani njengesiseko uhlalutyo ubukhulu becala kusetyenziswa imisebenzi yamandulo.

Le theory ngomatshini

Contemporary inzululwazi oye waqalisa ukuba abunjwe Karlom Lahmanom. Waba ingcamango "iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo", nezibhengezo apho bebonakalise imvelaphi efanayo-ngqangi. Isiseko kwingcamango ngomatshini Lachmann baba ubuchule engqongqo kunye nemigaqo emiselwe yalondolozwa amadlala. Yena umgca phezu uthelekiso lwamanani izinto. Iindlela kwiirekhodi yamandulo sisazinzulu ezibalulekileyo zokwenza isicelo imisebenzi waseJamani Ages Aphakathi. imigaqo bombhalo kwi ukufunda New Age of ngqangi ziye kungena isikolo Scherer, Bernays. izimvo Lachmann zaye zaphuhliswa kwi ePrague imisebenzi yesikolo. Okwa theory ngomatshini seyihlatywe amadlala Bedier ngenxa yayo non-wonke.

Ukwenziwa kwingqeqesho eFransi

Kweli lizwe, ingqalelo umhlabi amadlala ziye zenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Inkulungwane yama-20 iye yabalasela inkangeleko yesikolo Lanzon kunye nomsebenzi esebenzayo ye-Paris Institute. Xa nenani-1970. France wavela kwaye ngenkuthalo ekuphuhliseni indlela entsha - ukugxekwa yemfuza. Yaba liziko ephambili Paris Institute of ngqangi kunye neetekisi mihla. Isiseko yentanda lesikolo ingcamango ka. Oku kubangelwa uchaza indawo ukugxekwa yemfuza. Kweli nqanaba, siye ukwakhiwa imibuzo engundoqo ayihlola Imibhalo entsha. Oku ikakhulu imvelaphi, iirekhodi intshukumo, ukudlala onke amanqanaba indalo umsebenzi kwinkqubo yokubhala. Abaphandi akazange ukunika nayiphi kukhetha ukuba inkupho enye. Abalandeli abakholelwa ukuba ngqangi umbhali kutshanje iye eziluncedo phezu idrafti yokuqala. Baya wawagqala zikumanqanaba ahlukeneyo indalo.

bokuqonda

Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ingakumbi apho yinkqubo yendalo umsebenzi, imbali yayo. в рамках генетической критики существенно расширяет сферу исследования. ukugxeka oye kwi-sikhokelo yofuzo enkulu kakhulu imihlaba ye sifundo. Ibhekisela undoqo kwinkqubo yokubhala. Oku, kunceda ukunyusa izinga ukugxeka genetic into. Oku ngqo kule meko okubhaliweyo ayikho kuphela nomba emxinwa zoncwadi, kodwa okuqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha Ukuhlangana engaphephekiyo lwamacandelo ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo imbali, yaye Ezolimi, namayeza, kwengqondo, nakwimathematika. Njengoko isifundo iifom yamandulo yamanje amaxesha zobugcisa, ukugxekwa yemfuza kubalulekile, kodwa azanelanga.

ukugxeka oye ku Russia

Imisebenzi eyenziwe kwiinkulungwane 11-17, ikakhulu zimelwe ngohlobo ngqangi. Oku kusengaphambili iimpawu eziphambili kwendalo, ubukho wayaneka ezikhumbuzo ezininzi iincwadi Russian. Kukho ezinye iingxaki yalondolozwa amadlala. Yeremiya iincwadi ziya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwilahleko uzinzo wentetho, ukuba bammise phambi zonke iinguqulelo ezintsha. Okukhona yaba ubukho imveliso, kokukhona kokuba phambili. Iinguqulelo ezintsha ezibonakala ababhali (okanye ukungabikho kwayo), izinto ezithandwayo obugcisa, neemfuno zobomi. Ithuba apho waqalisa ukuphuhlisa yobhalo - amakhulu 16-17. ukulungiswa esebenzayo kwenzeka eminyaka, systematization kunye nenkcazo-ngqangi.

ngexesha Peter

Ngeli xesha, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa iincwadi Old Russian. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba phantsi ummiselo ka-1722 ukumkani wayalela ukuba ukuqokelela azifikise Petersburg ibonisa, chronographs, incwadi amandla. Ngowe-1724 yaye yasekwa yi-Academy of Sciences. Ukususela ngoko yaqala ngenkuthalo ukufunda ezikhumbuzo yamandulo. igalelo elikhulu ekufundweni ngqangi wenza Schletzer kunye Miller.

isigaba entsha

Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane ye-18 baqalisa umsebenzi editsionno-yalondolozwa ngendlela. Amanyathelo okuqala kweli cala yaba ukupapashwa 'Russian Inyaniso "ibonisa Nestor. Novikov wadalwa ukuqokelelwa, eziquka ulwazi malunga ababhali 300 ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. A nqanaba entsha ebangela uphuhliso copyright ekuqaleni. impumelelo Editsionnye kule inkcubeko ethi European, indlela nobuchule balo ziye zasetyenziswa iimpapasho imisebenzi Feofana Prokopovicha, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Cantemir.

19 leminyaka

Le yokuqala yenkulungwane XIX babeba ekuphuculeni indlela yobhalo. Iindlela isicelo safuma isifundo lombhalo kunye bibliographical zemithombo yamandulo. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo ezinefuthe ukuvela lwemveli - processing of iirekhodi bobuchule yomlomo yabantu. Umba ezenkcubeko lichazele ezahlukahlukeneyo, makabhalwe kuluhlu lwezifundo ze izazinzulu zophando East, Makarov, Bourne. , возникали новые определения. Ukuphucula nezimaphambili ezingundoqo yalondolozwa amadlala, kwakukho inkcazelo entsha.

Ukuvela 'kwicala kugxeka "

Ekuqaleni nenani-30. ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwisikolo esitsha. izimvo wakhe becala ezinxulumene neengcinga Schlozer. Njengoko intloko "yesikolo sokuthandabuza" wenza Kachenovsky. indlela yakhe esekelwe kwingcamango asizizo zonke ubungqina imithombo yamandulo ukuba unokukholwa. Oku kukulumka waba olungenamiqathango kunye nesidima, kunye neengxaki ezicacileyo. iingcinga ezibalulekileyo Kachenovsky wakhokela iindlela zokuphucula esetyenziswa kuphononongo kwemithombo ebalisayo. Yena baqhele ukuba baphonononge amanqaku ngokwemiqathango ukunyaniseka lwangaphakathi kunye nokungqinelana nemithetho jikelele lophuhliso zembali. Noko ke, abaxhasi isikolo kwamane ukwalela kwexesha Kiev kuphela ngenxa ngokuxelwa umbandela yagcinwa imithombo kamva.

ukusondela Pogodin

Le umphandi livelise iingcamango Schlozer isicelo imithombo wobugcisa. Pogodin baphikelela lokufundwa kwazo zonke iintlelo yesicatshulwa, usebenzisa ubuchule mzekeliso. Wakwazi ubungqina besimo inani elikhulu ngeziphumo ezithile "abagxeki". Xa isifundo Pogodin wasebenzisa uhlalutyo yezembali yesizwe ngokubanzi ukwenzeka, ubukho kunye nokusasazwa imveliso. indlela yakhe, yena, ziye zaphuhliswa Buslaev.

isikolo wentsomi

Yaba ummeli inkulu Buslaev zikhankanywe ngasentla. Waba ingcamango ukuqhubeka amabali zolwimi kunye iintsomi, iintsomi. ithisisi yakhe ingqalelo njengoko amava lokuqala Ezolimi athelekisekayo kwimbali zakudala intetho Slavic. Koko Buslaev zonke iimbono zakhe ucaciswa kwi esisiseko kumsebenzi volume-mbini.

eminyaka 19-20.

Kunye nomdla banda labaphandi imithombo kamva ekuhambeni kwexesha. Waqala wavelisa indlela Ngokwembali nokubhala-18 neyama-19. Ixesha lokuqala ukuba ukuphuculwa inkcubeko kazwelonke kwiimeko mihla ke kuyimfuneko ukuba enze "uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo iincwadi, ukubukela yonyaka ngamnye usebenza onke," yaba ngundaba yasendle. Uninzi iingcamango yakhe waqhubeka ngemisebenzi Belinsky. Ecwangcisiweyo 1841 kwaye ngokungaphelelanga umsebenzi wokugqibela kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo inkcaso indlela kwemiqathango aesthetic imisebenzi ngamnye yemboniselo elitsha lonke ilifa umbhali ngokulandelelanayo nenzaliseko ngobuchule.

Editsionnaya inkcubeko

Kuye ekhulisa kakhulu kwaye kwinkulungwane ye-19, ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngeendlela ezininzi, oku kube negalelo ukwakha umbutho umsebenzi kwizifundo kwi kushicilelo lwemisebenzi. Umsebenzi kwi ukupapashwa ezikhumbuzo lidala kunye modernity igalelo elikhulu yaye elilungu Tikhonravov Buslaev. Ukuba udale imodeli uhlobo ixesha iimpapasho zabo lwenzululwazi. Veselovsky liqulunqe indlela entsha kwizifundo philological. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso indlela analysis yalondolozwa.

imisebenzi Annenkov

Ngelo lukwisigaba sokuqala kophuhliso lenzululwazi zasekhaya umhlabi reference imithombo epapashwe amaxesha yale mihla kuqatshelwe iimbono ezithile mbumbulu umphengululi zoqobo. Noko ke, abaphandi baye baqala ukufumana iindlela zabo. Oku kungenxa kukhululwe uthotho imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye ezibalulekileyo. Ngowe-1851 Annenkov waqalisa ukuqeqesha omnye wabo. Le uphando olwenziwe umhlabi isifundo ngqangi Pushkin kaThixo. Ngaxeshanye, uye wadala umsebenzi apho waqokelela izinto ngenxa ngobomi wembongi. Zombini ezi misebenzi yaba yinxalenye isifundo ezibanzi. Innovation Annenkov kakhulu Nekrasov, Turgenev, IGAM, Chernyshevsky kunye nabanye.

Ukuphucula iindlela

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina, abaphengululi bafunda uluhlu olubanzi bobuchule yoncwadi. Lo msebenzi waphawula ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19, yavelisa iziphumo ezibambekayo. Imfuno yinyani, lombhalo, uphuhliso umthombo kubangela ukuvela kunye nophuhliso ngempumelelo kwicala elitsha uqeqesho. Abaphandi ngendlela entsha baqala ukuqonda ixabiso zomxholo. Mintslov, ingakumbi, wabhala ukuba ngaphandle umsebenzi yokuqala akunakwenzeka ukuchaza imbali uncwadi. Kwaye ngaphandle kwalo, yena, akukho uphando olusisiseko ngeke ibe yimpumelelo.

iimpawu systematization

Detection luqinisekisiwe izibakala, indlela yabo kwakhiwa isikolo score zembali inqununu kwakhokelela Maikov kunye Saytovym. Kowokuqala ingqalelo ngokwakhe ungumfundi Sreznevsky. Ngenxa yemigudu zezi izazinzulu ziye zipapashwe ingqokelela izincoko Batiushkov. Kwixesha elizayo, ingcamango besikolo kwicala ukhangelo ezigciniweyo, iibhayografi ukuqulunqa, umsebenzi kunye imithombo zaye zaphuhliswa Modzalevsky. Wadala lo edumileyo ikhadi-indeksi, ebandakanya 165 lamawaka. Cards. Ligcinwa kwi Pushkin House, kwiSebe Georgia. Ingakumbi kuqatshelwe ngegalelo layo ekufundweni Decembrists. Eyona mpumelelo aphezulu kwizifundo Pushkin academic zijongwa ngabo kuchazelwe yoshicilelo "Pushkin. Diary", "Pushkin. Iileta". Systematization umbandela seyininzi ngaphakathi uphando philological ngembali uncwadi Russian engamakhulu 19-20., Wanikela isixa esikhulu of reference ulwazi. Kuzo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukho imisebenzi Vengerov, Mezieres umsebenzi esisiseko. siseko engundoqo yalondolozwa lakudala yesizwe oko kwasekwa kwinkulungwane yama-20. Baye zisekelwe sele ezikhoyo ngelo xesha editsionnom amava omkhulu ngokutsha ebaluleke kakhulu iingcinga imfundiso Western formalist.

ngexesha elitsha

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, eSt Petersburg Academy of Science eyayibonwa embindini izifundo bombhalo. Kuye kwasekwa izikolo ezibini phambili. Okhokelwa Shakhmatov omnye - Peretz. Ezi zikolo, enyanisweni, bafundisa imibono ngendlela efanayo. Baye benza isifundo bokubhaliweyo kwimbali kwindalo yawo yonke utshintsho yawo. Shakhmatov wathembela izinto afunyenwe ekuhambeni kokuma lweelwimi. Peretz lisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi. Shakhmatov kuphuhliswa Chronicle uhlalutyo statement buciko. Ngelo xesha wasebenzisa imigaqo historicism kunye sicebise ngeendlela ndifunda imithombo ezintsonkothileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo kunye nenguqulelo. Bekuthi ixesha alichitha ngqangi yamandulo, amathende ethnogenesis. Shakhmatov wabeka isiseko isifundo yembali yolwimi yesizwe yoncwadi, kwakunye nenzululwazi yalondolozwa amadlala. Ke Peretz, owokuqala wayephila kwingqungquthela eyayiseKiev. Emva kokwanyulwa kule Akhademi ye sisazinzulu waya kuhlala Petrograd. Wadala kuphela imfundiso Guide pre-revolution ukuba imibhalo nokugxekwa. Lo msebenzi kuveza iimbono ukuqonda indlela entsha. Ukwamkelwa ngokusekelwe ingqalelo ukufunda imbali zoncwadi umthombo.

isiphelo

Inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekubunjweni ingqiqo jikelele yalondolozwa isizathu imigaqo kunye neendlela ezenziwe umsebenzi Academician Likhachev. Umbhali ubeke phambili ingcamango entsha ngokomgangatho, egunyazisa imfuneko ukuphonononga intsingiselo kunye nomxholo lwentshukumo kwi umthombo kwexesha. Oku ekugqibeleni ngawo omane imfundiso ngomatshini, ngokusekelwe akukhethayo itekisi ngokulandelana ngaphambili. Ngokuhamba kwexesha evela kwiindawo isicelo, ezisekelwe ubukhulu becala phezu ngesisombululo iingxaki lokushicilela ubuntu, ingqeqesho sele usiwe kudidi siseko. Development yalondolozwa kuhamba kumgca omnye kunye jikelele utshintsho kwimbali nenkcubeko kweli lizwe. Okwangoku kwiindawo eziphambili Russian umhlabi ukugxekwa: iincwadi yamandulo, mihla kunye neetekisi mihla, kunye lwemveli.