Ushintsho njalo kwiminyaka 60-70 kwinkulungwane ye-19 yoBukhosi Russian

Alexander II umlawuli zonke Russias, i-Polish uKumkani Grand Duke of Finland kwixesha ukususela 1855 ukuya 1881. Weza evela Romanov Minor.

Alexander II yakhunjulwa ngumsunguli obalaseleyo, ndiqhuba iinguqu melo yeminyaka 60-70 ngenkulungwane ye-19. Le ke eneneni ziye zaphucuka okanye mandundu imeko yentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko kwilizwe lethu, ababhali-mbali bathi. Kodwa indima soMhlekazi kunzima zazi. Kungekho nto historiography Russian kwakusazeka ngokuba Alexander i uMkhululi. Le ngesiqu yaba inganga kokuyekiswa serfdom. Alexander II wabulawa kuhlaselo abagrogrisi, uxanduva abawabelwayo wanga intshukumo "yaBantu Ukuthanda".

uguquko kwezomthetho

amaxwebhu Kubalulekile ukuba ubukhulu becala utshintshe inkqubo yobulungisa eRashiya yapapashwa ngo-1864. Yaba ngummiselo egwebayo. Oku kulapho utshintsho ngokukhululekileyo i 60-70s yenkulungwane XIX wabonakala ngakhanyi kakhulu. Lo mmiselo yaba isiseko kwinkqubo yenkundla elimanyeneyo, umsebenzi ngoku kwafuneka ukuba zisekelwe kumgaqo ukulingana onke amacandelo oluntu phambi komthetho. Ke kaloku lo ntlanganiso, apho wathetha zombini amatyala embambano nawolwaphulo ukuba iye yaziwa esidlangalaleni, yaye iziphumo zazo kufuneka kupapashwa kumaphepha-ndaba. Amaqela nezimangalo banikwa ilungelo lokuba ngabathetheleli kwezomthetho, kunye ephakamileyo emfundo zomthetho kunye nenkonzo karhulumente.

Nangona ezintsha ebalulekileyo ejolise ekomelezeni inkqubo yobungxowankulu, kodwa utshintsho zobunene yeminyaka 60-70 ye amabhodlo ngenkulungwane ye-19 abalondolozwa serfdom. Ukuze abalimi ukudala iinkundla kwisiphaluka ezikhethekileyo, njengokuba isohlwayo kuqesha nokubethwa. Ukuba sicinga neenkqubo zopolitiko, ukuba zife ziphele zolawulo baba engaphephekiyo, kwanokuba sigwebo yaba ungenatyala.

guqula Zemstvo

Alexander II wayeyiqonda imfuneko utshintsho kwinkqubo karhulumente weengingqi. iinguqu yokuziphatha nenani-60-70 neziphumo zokudalwa ngamabhunga anyulwe Zemsky. Kwakufuneka ukujongana nemiba enxulumene irhafu, unyango, imfundo yaseprayimari, ezemali, njalo njalo. D. Unyulo kwisithili kunye neebhodi Zemstvo zaye zabanjwa ngokwezigaba ezimbini uze unike isininzi izihlalo kuzo izidwangube. Nabalimi eyabelwe indima minor ekusombululeni imiba yasekuhlaleni. Le meko baqhubeka de kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ukutshintsha okungephi olinganise afunyenwe ukungena Elucweyweni kulaks kunye nabarhwebi, awayevela isiqalo yamahlwempu.

Zemstvos akhethwe iminyaka emine. Baye benza miba karhulumente wengingqi. Kuzo zonke iimeko, ichaphazela umdla abalimi, isigqibo senziwa ngokuthanda abaqeshisi.

uguquko empini

Siye lwaveza utshintsho kunye nomkhosi. Ushintsho njalo kwiminyaka 60-70 ngenkulungwane ye-19 zaye ukushukunyiswa imfuneko yotshintsho ngokungxamisekileyo oomatshini emkhosini. iinguqu ekhokelwa D. A. Milyutin. Reform wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Ekuqaleni, lonke elo lizwe yahlulwe kwizithili emkhosini. Kuba oku yapapashwa kwinani lwamaxwebhu. Central waye ummiselo ngenkani, sityikitywe umlawuli ngo-1862. Yena indawo emkhosini ibe ngokugaya jikelele yomkhosi, kungakhathaliseki iiklasi. Eyona njongo iphambili yale zokubuyisela ukunciphisa inani lamajoni loxolo kunye nesakhono ndibaqokelele ngokukhawuleza xa kukho ukuqhambuka engalindelekanga eyaqala ngawo.

Ngenxa yezi nguqu iziphumo zifezekisiwe:

1. Misele nothungelwano olubanzi yamajoni kunye ngodaba ezikolweni, nto leyo inxaxheba abameli bazo zonke iiklasi.
2. Inombolo mkhosi lacuthwa ngama-40%.
3. kwikomkhulu iSithili Military yasekwa.
4. Umkhosi kwapheliswa isithethe isohlwayo sokubetha kwityala encinane.
5. re Global.

uguquko Sasungulwa

Serfdom ebukumkanini Alexander II iye phantse waphila ngokwayo. Russian Empire yabamba iinguqulelo zobunene 60-70. XIX kwekhulu le njongo ephambili ukwenza phambili ngakumbi ephucukile. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kuchaphazela eyona nto ibalulekileyo isigaba zentlalo ubomi. yoyo yamahlwempu waya esomelela, baba enobuzaza ngokukodwa emva kokugqiba kweMfazwe iCrimea. Urhulumente wabhenela kule icandelo labantu ngenkxaso ekulweni. Abalimi babeqinisekile ukuba umvuzo kuba oku kuya kuba inkululeko yabo nalwazelelelo mhlaba, kodwa bafa namthanyana. Iya isanda, udlame kwavuka. Ukuba ngo-1855 kwakukho 56, ngo-ngo1856-m inani esele idlulile 700.
Alexander II wayalela ekudalweni iKomiti kwanombolo leMicimbi umlimi, eziquka abantu-11. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1858, iprojekthi kuhlaziyo thaca. Uphakamise iikomiti ukuhlela entsimini, nekukho abameli ezininzi onegunya le-Elite yeengcungcu. Bona banikwa ilungelo izilungiso uyilo.

Umgaqo esisiseko apho utshintsho zobunene yeminyaka 60-70 kwinkulungwane ye-19 kummandla serfdom, yaba nesokuvuma ukuzimela zabantu bonke abemi ubukhosi Russian. Noko ke, benani baba abanini ngokupheleleyo kunye nabanini mhlaba amafama ukusebenza kuyo. Kodwa ngexesha lokugqibela, banikwe ithuba lokuba ngentlawulelo ilizwe, elo basebenza kunye izakhiwo ezingaphandle kunye nendawo zokuhlala. Le projekthi iye yabangela nokulatyuza wobhavumo phezu inxalenye abaqeshisi, kwaye ukusuka nabalimi. Le ngcamango nxamnye release basale, besithi "akuyi kuba ngokupheleleyo umoya ofanayo."

Esoyika yamva le meko, kunye umlimi imvukelo, urhulumente uza bakuthembe eninzi. Le projekthi entsha yotshintsho waba olukhulu ngakumbi. Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke baye banikwa inkululeko kunye ilifa ilizwe isigxina, kulandele ukhetho ukuthenga. Ukuze wenze oku, kubolekisa concessional le nkqubo iye yaphuhliswa.

19/02/1861, * uKhesare wasayina kupapasho-, nto leyo umthetho ezintsha. Emva koku sele yamkelwe kunye nemimiselo iinkcukacha kuyisombulula imbambano evela ngexa ukuqonda yokuvuselelwa koko bakwenzayo. Emva kwapheliswa serfdom, kwaba lula ukufezekisa ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

1. Abalimi bafumana ukuzimela lobuqu, kwaye ukukwazi ukulahla yonke impahla yabo ngokwabo.
2. Le benani baba bangabanini abafanelekileyo bomhlaba yabo, kodwa ke kunyanzelekile ukuba anike serf owayesakuba yonaniso ezithile.
3. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba eziqeshiweyo abalimi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule kubafaneleyo, ukusuka apho kwaba nzima ukwala iminyaka elithoba.
4. Amacala serfdom kunye sicinywa ebhalwe izatifikethi ezizodwa zingqinisisiwe ngamaqumrhu nomlomo.
5. Abalimi ekuhambeni kwexesha owayenokukhulula ilizwe labo ngesivumelwano kunye wesakhiwo.

ngokutsha yemfundo

Oku kutshintshile kunye nenkqubo yezemfundo. realschule kwadalwa apho, ngokungafaniyo igrama umgangatho, ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwimathematika nenzululwazi yendalo. Ngowe-1868, eMoscow waqalisa ukusebenza kuphela ngexesha iikhosi eziphezulu ngenxa bafazi kwaba intuthuko enkulu ngokunxulumene ukulingana ngokwesini.

kwezinye iinguqulelo

Ukongeza konke oku kungentla, utshintsho kwenziwa kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi. Ngenxa yoko, zandiswa kakhulu amalungelo yamaYuda. Ukuba ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo emideni yonke Russia bavunyelwa. Ilungelo ukuwusa kwaye basebenze okukhethekile wafumana zizifundiswa, oogqirha, amagqwetha kunye beeplani.

Ufundo lwe nguqulelo zobunene-imi- 60-70 kwinkulungwane XIX, grade 8 kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.