Igama lesichasiselo litshintsha njani? Iiifom zezichazi. IsiRashiya: izichazi

Isichazi sinye yezona ndawo eziphambili zentetho ngesiRashiya, esetyenziswe ziithethi zayo zonke ixesha. Inombonakaliso lweenombolo, ngoko-ke ngaphambi kokuba uphendule umbuzo wendlela igama elichaziweyo elitshintsha ngayo, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa oko kuthetha ntoni le nxalenye yentetho.

Yintoni isichazi?

Igama elithi "isichazi" lalibonakala ngolwimi lwaseRussia ixesha elide, kodwa lwakhiwa kwigama lesiLatini elithi adjectivum, eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukudibanisa". Yingakho intsingiselo yegama elithi "isichazi" kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo "igama eliqhotyoshelwe kwisibizo."

Ngokubanzi, isichazi sichaza iqela legrama-grammatical yeefomu zegama, okubhekiselele ekungabonakali kwenkqubo yesifundo. Intsingiselo enxulumene nalo mzekelo iboniswa ngoncedo lwezigaba ezikhethiweyo. Izichazi kwisivakalisi zinomsebenzi wazo wokusebenza-inkcazo, kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu ziyi-predicate.

I-Adjective: ezintathu kwisinye

Ukuthetha ngesichazi, kufuneka siqaphele ukuqonda ezintathu kwekota. Ngokweyokuqala, kule nxalenye yentetho kufuneka ibhekiswe kwizichazi ezifanelekileyo, izichazi-izivakalisi, inxaxheba kunye neenombolo zohlobo lwe-ordinal. Intsingiselo yelixical yala magama (umxholo wesifundo) ixhaswa ngamatye amasha. Lo mbono ubizwa ngokuqonda okubanzi kwegama lesizaziso.

Kukho isikhundla esisemthethweni soluhlobo olulinganisiweyo, apho izichazi kuphela kunye neenombolo zokubala zifakwe phantsi kwezichazi. Le ngongoma yayiye yaziwa kwi-60-70 ye-XX ye-XX, kwaze kwaba yilapho yazinikela ekuqondeni ngokubanzi, ngokubambisana ne-"Russian Grammar-80".

Ngokuqonda okuncinci kwegama lomchazi, ezifanelekileyo izichazi zifakiwe kulo. Iilwimi ezininzi zinqwenela ukuhambelana nale nkqubo, kuba iphela ingqwalasela yonke impawu ebekwa ngayo inxaxheba ethile inxalenye yentetho. Kusekelwe kulo mbono ukuba isichazi sihlaziywa namhlanje.

Igama lesichasiselo litshintsha njani?

I-Adjective ineenxalenye zeendidi ze-morphological, apho zingatshintshwa xa ziyimfuneko. Zonke ezi zigaba zixhomekeka kwezinye iindawo zentetho, isiphelo sesichazi-mhlaba si-morpheme, esinakho ukubonisa iindidi ezikhethiweyo.

Iziphumo zitshintshiswe ngokwesini, amanani kunye namatyala, ngelixa igama liya kubuninzi xa ubulili buyabonakala kungekho nto. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindidi ezikhethiweyo zesiprofeto zingacaciswa ngokupheliswa kwayo ngokubambisana nokuphela kwesabizo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwenzeka ukuba isichazizwi sisetyenzisiwe ngesibizo esingenakunqunyulwa , kwaye ekupheleni akunakwenzeka ukufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga negama. Kule meko, isiphelo sesipekethi siya kuxhomekeka kwintsimi yesibalo, inombolo kunye nelibizo. Inani legama lesichazi apha lidlala indima ebalulekileyo, kuba ichaphazela ngokukhawuleza zonke izikhombisi.

Iifom ezifutshane kunye ezipheleleyo zezichazi

Uninzi lwezichazi lunefomfutshane nepheleleyo. Ngexesha le-Old Slavonic (ulwimi oludala lwaseRussia), iifom ezimfutshane zazisetyenziswa njengeyona nto ephambili, ngoku iimeko zitshintshile ngokuchasene ngqo.

Iziganeko kwifomu yazo epheleleyo zihlala zifakwa phambi kwesibizo, apho zidlala indima yencazelo kwisigwebo. Ukuba isalathisi esipheleleyo siphendulela ukuba sisibizo, ngokuqhelekileyo liyinxalenye yegama elikhankanyiweyo lokuqamba igama. Ukuba akukho senzi kwisivakalisi, isichazi sithatha inxaxheba yeso sigqibo.

Izichazi ezimfutshane zihlala zifumaneka emva kwesibizo, kule ngxaki zidlala indima yegama eliqeshwe li-predicate. Ukuba isivakalisi siqulethe isicaciso esichazwe ngesenzi, isichazi esifutshane singadlala umsebenzi wencazelo ehlukileyo.

Iifom ezifutshane ezichazi (ubunjani)

Ezinye izichazi ezifanelekileyo zigcinwe ifom elifutshane, ezi zikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kweli qalo kwiilwimi zakudala zesiRashiya. Ezi fom ngokuqhelekileyo zikhetha iimpawu zesikhashana ezingasetyenziselwa ethile imeko, ngaphezu koko, ziyakwazi ukuhambisa ukuhlaziywa kwamacandelo athile.

KwiRashiya yanamhlanje, ifomu elifutshane lenziwa ngoncedo lweziseko zezichazi ezipheleleyo, ekufuneka zongezelelwe iziphelo eziqhelekileyo. Xa kwakhiwa izichazi ezimfutshane zesini somntu, ukutshintshwa kweeta "o" kunye "e" kunye nesandi esivakalayo kunokubonakala, le nto ibangelwa ukunciphisa ukunciphisa.

Kubalulekile ukuba sikwazi ukwahlula iifom ezimfutshane kwizichazi ezilandelwayo, ezisetyenziswa ngentshukumo kunye neengcamango. Izichazi ezimfutshane zinokuthi zifane nekhwalithi kwaye zihluke kuphela ngesini kunye nenani, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisithuba ngokubhekiselele kwisibizo.

Ukukhutshwa kwezichazi

Ukuqonda indlela igama elichaziweyo elitshintsha ngayo, kuyimfuneko ukuchukumisa kwiindidi zayo zegrama kunye negrama. Izichasiselo ezifanelekileyo zingachaza iimpawu zabantu, izinto kunye nezilwanyana, iimpawu zombala, kwakunye nokunika uvavanyo olubanzi lwezinto ezithile, ezixutyushwa kwisiphakamiso.

Izichazi ezihambelanayo zibonisa ukuba zichaze umxholo wesifundo ngokungathanga ngqo, ngobudlelwane babo kwizinto okanye ezinye izenzo. Ngendlela yazo ubudlelwane nabantu, izilwanyana, izinto, izenzo, iingcamango, indawo, amaxesha kunye namanani atyunjwe. Intsingiselo yelixical ihanjiswa ngeendlela ezikhethiweyo.

Izichasti ezibonakalayo ziyinkalo enzima kakhulu. Ngomxholo obanzi welizwi, izichazi kunye nezilungelelaniso zokuba ngumthwalo, ziyingcamango enqamlekileyo-inxalenye yentetho kufuneka kanyekanye neempawu ezimbini - isisombululo kunye nomntu womntu okanye into.

Indlela yokuhlalutya isichazi?

Uhlalutyo lomzimba lwesipelisi - inkqubo enobulungisa enokuthi yenziwe ngemizuzu embalwa. Iskimu sokurhweba sisenza okufanayo kwinqanaba lesibini kwisikolo nakwiyunivesithi, ngoko ayiyi kuzisa naziphi na ubunzima kunye neengxaki ezongezelelweyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, unokuqhagamshelana nezikhokelo zeelwimi.

Kuhlalutyo kubalulekile ukubonisa: ifomu legama, elo lifom yegama kwinxalenye yentetho, intsingiselo yeqela, ifom yokuqala + umbuzo kuyo kunye nombuzo we-semantic. Emva koko, kufuneka uchaze zonke izibonakaliso ze-lexico-grammatic kunye nohlobo lokunciphisa (kunye neenalathisi). Ngezichasiselo zekhwalithi, kufuneka ucacise iifomati kunye nefomfutshane (kunye nobungqina ngohlobo lwezalathisi). Ukongezelela kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, yiziphi izibonakaliso zokuqhafaza isichazi esivumelana nesibizo (ubulili, inombolo, ityala), kwaye ubonise umsebenzi wayo wokwenziwa kwesivakalisi.

Ukuphela kweziganeko zezichazi

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho imeko apho kunzima ukujonga ukuphela kwesi sichazi , kuba ingakhathazeki. Kule meko, kuya kufuneka usebenzise lonke uluhlu lwemibuzo (yintoni na, yintoni na? Yintoni na?)? Omnye kufuneka kwakhona akhumbule izichazi eziphela "-y", "-ye", "-ya", "-e", zineenkalo ezininzi phambi kokuphela kwesimboli esithambileyo: imvundla, umvundla, umvundla.

Imboni yodwa yimeko yokutyunjwa kunye necala lokumangalelwa ngamadoda. Ukuba isalathisi sakhiwe ngegama laliphi na inyanga, isibonakaliso esithambileyo siya kuqhubeka: Julayi-Julayi.

Isichazi sifunde njani?

Ngaphambili, ixesha xa isichazi (ibakala lesi-3) saqala ukufundiswa, asizange sihambelane nomntu wonke, kutheni abantwana bafunda malunga neengongoma zentetho ngaphaya kwezizukulwana zangaphambili. I-Adjective ilula kakhulu ukufunda, kuba ihlobene ngokuthe ngenye inxalenye yentetho - isibizo, kwaye sinakho izibonakaliso ezifanayo zesigama.

Ukuze ufunde indlela yokutshintsha igama lesichazi, kuyimfuneko kwizifundo ukwenza yonke imizamo kwaye uphulaphule ngenyameko utitshala wakho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntwana ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi kwaye ufumene naye ngoku kunzima kakhulu, unokuvula nayiphi na incwadi eninzi kwincwadi yesayensi kwaye uyifumane impendulo kumbuzo wenzalo. Impendulo kwimeko enjalo ayinakuhlala ichanekile, kwaye oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ekukhangekeni.

Kwifomathi yeyunivesithi, isichazi sifunde kakhulu, kodwa inani elincinci leeyure linikezelwe ukuphuhliswa kwalo, umfundi oza kukwazi ukuphinda aqonde kuphela isiseko sentetho yentetho. Nangona kunjalo, abafundi beeyunivesithi banokufikelela kwiilayibrari kwaye banokufumana lula ulwazi abanalo ngexesha elifutshane kunokwenzeka.