Subduction - it ... Inkcazo, iintlobo kwenkqubo subduction

Emhlabeni usoloko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo iinyikima zomhlaba, mlilo. Kukho iintshukumo zomhlaba phezulu, ukuba umntu azive kuzo. Ezi ntshukumo rhoqo, kungakhathaliseki ndawo, ixesha lonyaka. Khula kunye akayeki iintaba, akhule ndiwatshise ulwandle. Ezi nkqubo imperceptible emehlweni abantu, njengokuba kwenzeka kancinci, millimitha yi nawethu. Konke oku kungenxa iziganeko ezifana ekusasazeni kunye subduction.

subduction

Ngoko yintoni na? Subduction - inkqubo ziitectonic plates lokuhamba ezingu. Ngenxa yokuba kwenzeke ingozi yokuba iipleyiti densest rocks ezakha emazantsi olwandle, ihamba ukukhanya phantsi nasemaweni amazwekazi kunye iziqithi. Kweli nqanaba, isixa elingu-eneji iyekelela - oku inyikima. amaplanga Icandelo, zithwele ukuya kubunzulu ngakumbi, ngokuthi zakudibana lolu daka uqala ukunyibilika, uze iphalale ephumela umphezulu ngokusebenzisa migodi mlilo. Ngoko ke kukho kukujaduka mlilo.

Subduction of amacwecwe lithospheric - yinxalenye yobomi emhlabeni. Kuba kanye njengokuba kubalulekile nje uphefumla lo mntu. Ukumisa le nkqubo akunakwenzeka, ubuncinane ngenxa yokuba iintshukumo ezifana kakhulu abantu bafe kunyaka ngamnye.

subduction

Eyona enkulu iipleyiti ezingu ibekwe elwandle. Subduction - into eyenzeka linearly. Ummandla subduction liyakunikezela ezimbini edge ipleyiti - liphezulu, okanye ekhokelayo, kunye ezantsi ngwenya. Kuphela xa intsebenziswano kwenzeka mlilo kunye neenyikima. Le subduction kakhulu esebenzayo - kwizowuni zenyikima focal. Kule ndawo kukho komhlaba anzongonzongo-focus. Kuba data wenyikima kuzinza ukuba xi yenyikima lilapha umsele nzulu ngayo kweli lizwekazi.

subduction rhoqo kwi profile seismotomographic. Kukho ngokucacileyo imida ezibonakalayo nengubo eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Kubunzulu enkulu, apho kwipleyiti subducting, iinyikima ayenzeki, ngokuba kwipleyiti kubunzulu uba ulwelo (bunyibilike). Ngako oko ke, akusekho inika ukutyhala, apho imveliso yezamandla. Subduction - yinkqubo ecothayo. ngesantya ilinganiswa iisentimitha ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngokomthetho izinga lalo ngeesentimitha ezimbini ukuya ezisibhozo ngonyaka ngamnye.

subduction Continental kunye yokungqubana

imida ipleyiti Active zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini - subduction kunye ingozi. Lokuqala ngakumbi olunzulu - malunga amane anesihlanu amawaka eekhilomitha. Le mfutshane yesibini - amawaka alishumi km. Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, yangqubana zenzeka phakathi iipleyiti ezimbini - yolwandle nezelizwekazi. Kodwa kukho ukungqubana phakathi kolwandle kunye iipleyiti ezimbini zwekazi. Ukuba yangqubana yokuqala kukhokelela neenyikima kunye iqhuma, ingozi yokuba amacwecwe lizwekazi ukusebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Lexinene kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kulo mhlaba ngaphantsi phezu kolwandle, ngoko ke asikwazi ukuya nzulu emhlabeni. iipleyiti Continental at yokungqubana enyanzeliswa phezu bawubopha phezu komnye, oku kukhokelela ukuyilwa ezintabeni. Owona mzekelo idumileyo yezi zintaba - malayas.

Kutheni ungakhe ngeendleko subduction shwaka ulwandle?

Xa subduction ye emgangathweni wolwandle sibohla ngaphantsi plate sushi. Kubunzulu elikhulu le nxalenye linyibilike kwaye uyaphuma nge mlilo. Kutheni iilwandlekazi hayi balahlekile emhlabeni? Oku kungenxa ekusasazeni. Ukusasaza - yinkqubo wokusungula, oselula uqweqwe entsha ulwandle. It abunjwe elilinganayo lobukhulu loo wendele subduction ngenxa. Kwimimandla subduction nazo rhoqo zibandakanya nokwanda - umthamo kwelizwekazi uthinte. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokubhuqiswa ukunqamka le yolwandle ezantsi kunye zokunyibilikiswa yayo, ukwakha wolwandle uqweqwe amatsha nomhlaba, shwaka ulwandle yamandulo Womhlaba - i Tethys. Ukusuka kwakhe kwakukho kumachibi kuphela, iilwandle bethu banamhlanje: kwiMeditera, kuLwandle Azov, i lweCaspian ne Black. Uphando lwakutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba kummandla Pacific Ocean kukho iinkqubo ezifanayo nezo ezakhokelela kokufa Tethys.

Imimandla idumileyo ezinkulu akhasayo ukusasazeka kunye subduction wandise ecaleni iziqithi Japanese, i Kuril, ena, emideni North naseMzantsi Merika, i Aleutian Islands, kwiCaribbean, New Zealand kunye South Islands Sandwich.

Ucalulo lwemimandla subduction

imimandla subduction ihlelwa ngokuvumelana isakhiwo. Iindidi subduction yahlulwe eziphambili ezine.

• uhlobo lemvula. Olu hlobo uphawu i-Pacific unxweme ukuya ngasempuma. Le ndawo, nto leyo kuphela ukusekwa uqweqwe oselula emgangathweni wolwandle kwi-engile degrees amane ngesantya enkulu phantsi kwipleyiti zwekazi.
• Sunda uhlobo. Le ndawo ibekwe kwindawo apho omkhulu ocean lithosfere yamandulo etshona phantsi nezwe. Usuka kwindawo engile engumnqantsa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ipleyiti iya phantsi Continental, phezu kude ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.
• uhlobo Marian. Le ndawo ukhandwa impefumlelwano iinxalenye ezimbini lithosfere yolwandle okanye subduction.
• uhlobo Japanese. Olu hlobo kuyo, apho ukukhuthazwa olwandle Lithosfere phantsi siqithi arc ensialic.

Zonke ezi ntlobo ezine ngokuqhelekileyo isasazwe zibe ngamaqela amabini:

• East Pacific (sehlathi uhlobo olunye kuphela ifakiwe kweli qela Eli qela lubonakala ngokuba lizwekazi kratya enkulu.);
• West Pacific (kukho zonke ezinye iintlobo ezintathu. Eli qela luphawulwa isisitheliso ngohlangothi jike siqithi mlilo).

For uhlobo ngalunye, kukho inkqubo apho subduction ekuqhelekileyo izakhiwo ezisisiseko ukuba zikhona kwiiyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo.

Forearc ithambeka kunye umsele olunzulu-ulwandle

Umsele umsele ngokunzulu luphawulwa umgama ukusuka embindini ukuya elunxwemeni mlilo. Eli banga kusala nekhulu - ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu khilomitha, ngoko enxulumene ikona apho subduction bethana. Kwiindawo ezininzi ebonakalayo eludinini lizwekazi ngumgama ungaba kuze km ezimakhulu mathathu anamanci mahlanu.

ithambeka Arcing iquka ezimbini iziseko - masimu neemilo. Prism - kwithambeka longele, oko ngokokwakheka isakhiwo nohlobo icolekile. Ezantsi imingcele ithambeka engundoqo, okutshabalalayo kumphezulu, uchukumisa nokusebenzelana kwezulu. Le bemilo ukhandwa emva komnye lo neetyuwa ezantsi. Ezi neetyuwa ke kuthelekiswa uqweqwe yolwandle kunye nalo uye phantsi ithambeka ngu km engathi imashumi mane. Ngaloo kwakhiwa prizim.

Kule ndawo phakathi bemilo kunye ngaphambili mlilo kulala Phezulu Omkhulu. Izitulo bahlukana masimu. Iindawo caba masimu zikwindawo nezitya neentlenge, ukuba ezifakwe neetyuwa mlilo ipelagic. Kwiindawo yimvula kwi masimu zezi zixhobo inokuphuhlisa, ukuze zichithakale crystalline ebalelelwe lilanga rocks ongaphantsi okanye iiyunithi amazwe.

arc mlilo - yintoni na le nto?

Kweli nqaku, eli gama libhekisela ukuya esiqithini, okanye arc mlilo. Khawuve oko na. Tectonically zone esebenzayo, nto leyo ihambelana iinkalo ezininzi iinyikima zomhlaba ezinkulu-isikali, ochazwa ngokuba kwisiqithi arc mlilo. Siqulathe eentsontelo arc-ezimile egosogoso ngoku stratovolcanoes esebenzayo. Kuba abanjalo intaba mlilo lubonakala Uyadubula. Oku kungenxa isixa esikhulu ulwelo kwi lolu daka ye siqithi. Jike ingaba kabini okanye kathathu, uhlobo ezikhethekileyo - arc bifurcated. Ugobile arc nganye eyahlukileyo.

emachibini abekelwa

Eli gama libhekisela kuthembeke okanye inani ezizidendeleko ezinjalo. Yokuba semi-niluthunyelelwayo uMbumbi phakathi nemisinga kunye arc siqithi. misinga ezinjalo akhiwa ngenxa yokuba ilizwekazi neqwengiweyo okanye bahlukana kulo indawo enkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kumaqula ezinjalo kwakhiwa uqweqwe oselula yolwandle. Le nkqubo ukuyilwa kuqweqwe kwi amadike ekuthiwa umva-arc ekusasazeni. Sea wethu - yenye yeendidi amachibi, oko sibiyelwe off. akukho bungqina butsha kwiminyaka yakutshanje besihla kukho rifting, oko kudla kwenziwa kukuba yokuba subduction usenokubhekiswa okanye utsiba kwindawo eyahlukileyo kabukhali.