Soil iinkangeleko: Iintlobo neenkcazo

Iimpawu kwimihlaba ukwenzela ukumisela ixabiso labo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukufunda iinkangeleko zomhlaba. Yintoni na kwaye zeziphi na iintlobo profiles, funda inqaku.

inkangeleko yomhlaba

Inkqubo lokusekwa imihlaba kuchaphazela iliwa imigodi umzali, apho iimpawu zomhlaba ziyahluka kwicala nkqo. Kukho utshintsho rhoqo ekwakhiweni zomhlaba ukusuka kumphezulu anzongonzongo kwi-GET, Nezingathanga kuchaphazela inkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba. Kwenzeka kancinci. iinkangeleko zomhlaba akhiwa phantsi kwempembelelo ezinye izinto. Ezona ziphambili zezi:

• Substances abangena nkqo emhlabeni evela emoyeni okanye komhlaba. intshukumo yabo ixhomekeka kuhlobo ukusekwa lomhlaba kunye nengeniso kule minyaka kunye namaxesha onyaka.
• Ukusasazwa kweenkqubo ingcambu nkqo zezityalo ezihlala izilwanyana emhlabeni, iintsholongwane.

Zonke imimango umhlaba yabucala izinto ezihambelanayo. Kwenzeka ukuba imaleko zomhlaba kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo babe iimpawu kunye neempawu ezifanayo.

Soil profiles: isakhiwo

layers zomhlaba alternating nkqo, ukuba undi lomhlaba. yesakhiwo neempawu ziyahluka. ngomhlaba lomhlaba, elivela nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana omnye emva komnye - le iinkangeleko zomhlaba. isakhiwo yabo ethile lomhlaba nganye.

Indlela emayenziwe ngayo inkangeleko yomhlaba izalana ngokusondeleyo inkqubo endalo lokusekwa imihlaba, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwezolimo. Soil iimaleko yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ziyahluka nje kuphela iimpawu kunye neempawu, kodwa nokwakheka. Power lé uzimisele kangakanani nkqo. The main ngomhlaba:

• Umhlaba wamatye.
• Horizon utshintsho zikwenze ukuya umaleko elilandelayo.
• Ongaphantsi (material umzali).

iprofayile elula

Ubume yabucala lomhlaba uhlolo sihlolisisa le alula nanzima. isakhiwo Simple umhlaba ezi ntlobo profile zilandelayo:

• Primitive - kwinqanaba elisezantsi, kwindawo yenkathalo liliwa umzali.
• Uphuhliso ezingaphelelanga - njengoko zinjalo zonke imimango, ngokufanayo umhlaba inxalenye yalo nkangeleko. ukuma ngalinye amandla eliphantsi.
• Normal - wabonakalisa zonke zexa elizayo kwenziwa kwinqanaba yemfuza. Power lomhlaba neerodirovannoy yinqobo kuye.
• Ukungakwazi umahluko - zexa kabi kumakishwa.
• Waphazamiseka okanye layitshabalalisa - luphawulwa ukutshatyalaliswa umphantsi nomphezulu ukhukhuliseko.

iprofayile complex

Iintlobo umhlaba kunye nesakhiwo esimbaxa zezi zilandelayo:

• Oyidingayo - ziyafumaneka kule nkangeleko sangcwatywa zexa elizayo kunye profiles nemihlaba paleo. Kumafa kungenzeka imizila ukubunjwa yamandulo emhlabeni.

• polynomial Profile - ezenziwe xa amaxesha lithological, ngaphandle lemka kwezakhi emhlabeni.
• Polycyclic - lasungulwa linxulumene isimemezelo ngamaxesha izinto ekulelona umhlaba: ash mlilo, umlambo alluvium intlenga uthuthu.
• Waphazamiseka okanye wakhona - luphawulwa ukuyilwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo: zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu. Kwimeko yokuqala indima edlalwa yimiba babantu, elinesibini - zendalo, xa wafudukela imimango kumphezulu asezantsi.
• UMosaic - ubonakala hayi ezilandelelanayo ukubunjwa lwexa ubunzulu. Ukutshintsha ngomhlaba bengamabala kwenzeka njengomzekelo emihle.

Ubume yenkangeleko kwiimeko wesiseko zomhlaba

iinkangeleko zomhlaba ziyahluka. Kuxhomekeka inkqubo ukuyilwa umhlaba, bahlukene ngeentlobo ezimbini:

• Uhlobo lokuqala luphawulwa ukuyilwa imihlaba phantsi ukuhlamba, ekuthiwa eluvial, kunye nefuthe komisa emoyeni. Umbilo onikeza flow kumazantsi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba safudukela phantsi, kunye imichiza.
• Inkcazelo yenkangeleko yomhlaba lohlobo yesibini uneempawu zawo. Olu hlobo isakhiwo uphawu kwimihlaba hydromorphic, ezo akhiwa ukufuma xa kwemfuneko. Ukuqulunqwa kwemihlaba kuchaphazela amanzi emhlabeni, nto leyo ahlanganiswe umaleko womhlaba.

Ubume lweeprofayile ubunzulu

Kuxhomekeke kunikezo lwe izinto ezahlukeneyo: lekalika, wamatye, gypsum, iiminerali, iityuwa, ubunzulu zingahlukaniswa iinkangeleko zomhlaba:

• Numbers - umhlaba ongaphezulu uqulathe imali encinane kwezinto: i ngakumbi, kokukhona baya kuba lincinane.
• Eluvial - mali kwezinto kwanda ngobunzulu.
• Ukungcola-yokuzuza - into ebangelwa amanzi emhlabeni, apho ingabekwa emazantsi okanye phakathi iprofayili.
• Eluvial-umahluko - into encinane elaye kule nwebu eliphezulu, yaye kwezinye ungqameko - lukhulu.
• Undifferentiated - iziyobisi isasazwa ngokufanayo phezu iprofayile yonke.

ngomhlaba Profile

Kwakhona bodwa ngomhlaba ezinkulu ezintathu ezifana:

• Nja-, organogenic. lasungulwa kwenzeka phezu komhlaba kwindawo ukufuma rhoqo kwemfuneko. Eyona Uphawu yi ukugcinwa izinto abayinqobo eziphilayo ezingenzelwanga ezitshintshelwa wamatye lingatshi liphele. Malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku le umgquba ibutyani, iinkuni, moss, ulele, onamagqabi avuthulukayo okanye oxutyiweyo. Iintsalela imvelaphi kwisityalo kwanga akungebalelwe ngaphandle, ngenxalenye alondolozwe kwaye wabeka ngokupheleleyo.

• Inkunkuma nemithi - lo maleko zizityebi nezinto eziphilayo. amandla alo ifikelela neesentimitha ezimashumi mabini. Siquka zeentsalela zezityalo igcinwe le fom okokuqala, ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo wamatye.
• Ezingcwalisiweyo bazipheka layer - eli ukuma komhlaba. lasungulwa kwenzeka phantsi izityalo herbaceous. Uninzi ncwadi kwiingcambu zezityalo.
• Wamatye lé - iqulethe 15-35 ekhulwini kwezinto eziphilayo. Kunokuba efan okanye isakhiwo curd. Umhlaba omnyama, mazhuschayasya lizaliswe ngamanzi.
• Horizon onemveliso - lasungulwa linxulumene ukuhluzwa wamatye okanye zikhabane izisekelo.
• Horizon wamatye - luqokelelane phezu inombala omnyama, oko iqulethe 15 ekhulwini into ephilayo.
• lé Eluvial - benziwa phantsi organic lawo. Lomhlaba ezimhlophe, kucaciswa.
• Mineral lé - indawo lasungulwa - inxalenye phakathi iprofayili. Mhlawumbi illuvial, solonets, carbonate, ityuwa, gypsum, okanye oxutyiweyo.
• lé Gley - ibizwa ngokuba bezimbiwa. Formation kwenzeka ngexesha elide okanye esisigxina ngokugqithiseleyo ukufuma neoksijini ukuswela. Uphawu kunina kuyinto kombala buthuntu. Kunokuba blue, oluhlaza-angwevu okanye umnquma abangasekhoyo.
• izinto Abazali - ephawuleka iqondo elisezantsi sesichengeni imiba etshabalalisayo ekubunjweni yemihlaba.

umbala lomhlaba

Lomhlaba esifaneleyo osemqoka abayinqobo ezifana nombala labo, nto leyo ixhomekeke nokwakhiwa komhlaba kunye neenkqubo ze nokubunjwa kwayo.

• umhlaba Black. Eli gama mbala hina emnyama kunye nemihlaba amnyama omdaka. umbala wabo ixhomekeke umxholo wamatye okanye umgquba. Okukhona ngawo emhlabeni, lo mnyama umbala. Umhlaba Black anganika iikhompawundi ezithile izimbiwa, kunye ilahle imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo.
• umhlaba White kunye nawuphi na umbala abanzi ukukhanya. umbala kunika yelimestone emhlabeni, gypsum, zwi, iityuwa ezinyibilikayo, feldspar.
• ngumhlaba obomvu kuxa ngaphakathi kwayo oluhlala oxide yentsimbi. Le kombala purple lufumaneka ngenxa isiqulatho ophezulu oxide manganese, yellow - hydroxides zentsimbi.
• Umhlaba kunye nombala imibala emsi, bhlowu noluhlaza. Oku kungenxa yokuba umhlaba iqulethe intsimbi compound ayoni. umxholo wayo emhlabeni - utshitshiseke uhlobo iimeko anaerobic (ukufuma excess).

Yintoni na umthamo kolundi?

Le ubude ubunzulu bayo nkqo ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya ukwenzeka umzali rock. Iintlobo zomhlaba ezahlukeneyo amandla ezahlukeneyo. Kwi-avareji, oko isusela ukususela amane ukuya ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu cm. Umzekelo, ukuba iimeko ezinzima zendalo, inkqubo ukwakhiwa umhlaba kuchaphazela inxalenye engentla yengxondorha. Amandla lomhlaba ufikelela iisentimitha namashumi alithoba ukuya kwikhulu. Kwimimandla emathafeni phantsi engca ashinyeneyo - amabini okanye ezimakhulu mathathu.

Power lwexa elizayo ngamnye kugweba amaxabiso zomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze wamatye iphawulwa izinto umda enkulu kunye elution buthathaka. Imihlaba Podzolic amahlwempu izondlo, ngoko ke yexabiso elincinane.

chernozems

Le umhlaba kakhulu echumayo. Black umhlaba ngaphambili kwasekwa ukusuka kwi-inshorensi ingca shinyi, leyo ziyafa minyaka yonke, yaye phantsi kwempembelelo nehlobo efudumeleyo wabola ukwenza wamatye, nto leyo ixesha elide ukuze yande. Okwangoku, umhlaba phantse abamnyama alinyiweyo. umhlaba wamatye unalo isakhiwo ilandelayo:

• emathafeni weva, amandla 3-4 cm.
• Isoyi - umthamo wayo iisentimitha 3-7. Inombala omnyama engwevu iintsalela kwabafileyo okanye abahlala esineengcambu okuziinkozo. Lo maleko ukuze kulinywa okanye zemihlaba enyulu.
• Le wamatye lé - amandla akhe ngeesentimitha eziyi-35-120. It has a emnyama engwevu iyunifomu umbala umbala. Features umhlaba umhlaba omnyama kubume bayo. Kuyinto granular kwaye lizinzile. The main phawu - ukuchuma.
• esifaneleyo ezidlulayo wamatye maleko ukuya elilandelayo. umthamo wayo iisentimitha 40-80, umbala - sinombala-ndiyingwevu, iyunifom, amatshatshazi ezibonakalayo kunye wachuba iindawo wamatye. Kuye isakhiwo rough, sofele.
• Olu hlobo ukuma iye iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela. Inxenye ke kubo zingahlukaniswa carbonate illuvial- esibhakabhakeni kunye sinombala-yellow umbala, kunye nesakhiwo prismatic. Lomhlaba ukuma ezi molehills nje. Bazele ubunzima emdaka evela kolundi elele ngezantsi. Kuyenzeka ukuba wormhole ezaliswe umbala emnyama emhlabeni ukusuka imimango aphezulu.
• Rocks ezenza umhlaba. Kuye umbala ezimhlophe okanye lipholi omthubi kunye nesakhiwo prismatic. Soil ezinzulwini ezahlukeneyo luphawulwa neetyuwa carbonate kunye gypsum.

zemihlaba podzolic

Umhlaba podsolic umhlaba senziwa ukufuma eliphezulu. Lifana yezi ntlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo. Iimpawu zomhlaba kudwelisa ubumuncu bomhlaba podzolic. Ngako oko, kuba uYesu ukuba microflora kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuqhelana nezi meko ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ukubola umcimbi iintsalela organic. Ngomhlaba Imihlaba Yabucala podzolic zezi zilandelayo:

• Inkunkuma - amandla neesentimitha ezimbini.
• Ayikaqondwa isityalo zibolile ihleli.
• Ukubandakanywa ngohlobo mycelium. umbala lomhlaba ulula omdaka.
• Sofele okanye pulverulent ubume bomhlaba nge eyahlukileyo umbala dark brown.
• Umaleko umthamo wamatye-Ukhuliso ukuya ngokweesentimitha ezingamashumi amathathu.
• maleko Podzolic ngamandla efanayo.
• Inguqu evela zinaso imibala umaleko amandla mahlanu cm.
• umaleko Illuvial, umthamo wayo - 20-120 cm.
• Umaleko we izinto lomzali.

Olu hlobo lomhlaba zasendle babe wenzala ephantsi, wamatye umaleko cishe akukho indlela asidi umhlaba. Podzols musa ukufunxa ukufuma, engenabutyebi kuphela izondlo, nto leyo echaphazela izityalo isondlo kunye nokukhula.