Yenziwe ngoobani kunye nesakhiwo somhlaba

Umhlaba ubutyebi bemvelo. Inika ukondla izilwanyana, abantu - ukutya kunye intsimi mveliso - yimfuneko ukuvelisa iimveliso impahla eluhlaza. Yokukwazi lwahlala iinkulungwane kunye zeminyaka. Kunye nazo abantu namhlanje umbuzo ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo amazwe. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kolwazi lwesakhiwo, iimpawu, ukwakhiwa kunye ubume bomhlaba.

Imbali isifundo maleko ochumileyo zehlabathi

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-18, izazinzulu waphawula ukuba umhlaba yenziwe amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Inzala kule propati kuqaliswe kakhulu kamva. Umzekelo, eJamani ukususela ngowe-1879 ukuya 1899 esipapashwe ngonyaka uphando kule ndawo olwenziwe Wollny kunye nesikolo sakhe. izifundo laboratory amaninzi ndiyiqinise ukuxhomekeka lepropati ebonakalayo zomhlaba kubungakanani amaqhuma zakhe kunye nesiqulatho uthuli.

Ngowe-1877, enye ingcali yenzululwazi PA Kostachev waphawula ukuba emva kokuba nokulinywa komhlaba ongazange ulinywe bakhawuleza kutshizwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuhla isivuno. isakhiwo Umhlaba ibuyiselwe kuphela emva kokuba amasimi basala phantsi izityalo ongatshiyo herbaceous. Ezi zifundo kubaluleke kakhulu. Baye wabonisa ukuba isakhiwo nomhlaba wezolimo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo agrotechnical.

ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa umaleko phezulu yomhlaba kwi-imi- 30-40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Kulo mzekelo, izazinzulu bagxininisa kakhulu lwesakhiwo lomhlaba kwimiba wenzala. La magama mabini eziphakamileyo ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla ntonye.

Le ubume bomhlaba kunye nexabiso layo azithathwa zizazinzulu kwi-imi- 50-60 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Le isizathu ukugxekwa kweenkqubo yohlaza. Abaphandi baqalisa ukuthandabuza indima ubume bomhlaba kwimiba wenzala. Kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bade asinakuyikhanyela loo nto.

Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka ukwenza uphando kule ndawo. Kwaye kukho ume ngaphandle imisebenzi Academician V. V. Medvedeva. Izazinzulu ziye zafunda ubume bomhlaba nokubaluleka kwayo usebenzisa iindlela micromorphological. Kulo mzekelo, basebenzisa izixhobo phambili zemathematika uvumela ukuba ukuhlalutya uze ushwankathele ngoko kufunyanisiweyo. Medvedev yaba sisiphumo imisebenzi epapashwe ngo-2008 ngodaba isakhiwo zomhlaba. Kulo msebenzi siye kuthwa izifundo owangqina ukuba kuphuculo lolawulo umphantsi nomphezulu yomhlaba thermal nomoya ngqo, kodwa kwakhona ngqo kuchaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo.

Ingcaciso esisiseko

Yintoni na isakhiwo nomhlaba? Ingcaciso ye ibinzana elibonisa ukuba iseti yesixa ezahlukeneyo (amanqathana), nto leyo yahluke ubukhulu kunye nokumila. Nganye kwezi miba iquka into amaqhina oqhagamshelwano iingcambu zesityalo, wamatye kunye like. D.

isakhiwo lomhlaba kubalulekile kakhulu. Yeyona nto engundoqo elijongene ukuchuma komhlaba. Ingakumbi kubalulekile ukuba abantu na isakhiwo kolundi lomhlaba eliphezulu. Lo maleko, apho ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ingcambu yezityalo. It wahlala eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Ukusuka kule ngomqukumbelo apho unikezelo izondlo amanzi afunekayo ukuze izityalo zikhule. Kungenxa yoko le nto umaleko eliphezulu umhlaba kufuneka ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano phakathi kwisigaba yayo engamanzi, owomeleleyo sukube. Lo mlinganiselo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - 25:50:25.

Classification ngumhlaba isakhiwo

Imimango aphezulu zehlabathi abe nembono eyahlukileyo. Ba efan beemeko. Eyokuqala kwezi ntlobo iquka izinto granulometric kabani uburhulumente kwachazwa ngokuthi razdelnochastichnoe. Umzekelo ephawulekayo kumhlaba structureless yi uyisanti. Xa wamatye nodongwe yakhe encinane. Transition Types edalwe phakathi komhlaba kunye structureless noshowo. Xa iiyunithi zabo zonxibelelwano kunye namanye ababuthathaka kakhulu.

zathu kuthathwa ukuba zesakhiwo. Kube ngcono umelana umoya namanzi ukhukhuliseko, kwaye lula crumbled xa kokulima. Ukuba nokwakhiwa ubume bomhlaba kwaye likwazi ukwenza wakhawula, ngoko ke idibanise elungeleleneyo lomoya, ubushushu kunye nolawulo namanzi. Lo mba kunempembelelo entle ngesondlo yezityalo kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo eziphilayo.

Imihlaba Non-structured ayikho kakuhle akwazi ukufunxa amanzi. Ngaphezu koko, imisele imvula phezu mazwe ukuba imzisele ukhukhuliseko. Air namanzi kwimihlaba ezinjalo abamelene. ine musa ukuhamba loo ukufuma lwexa elizayo komhlaba. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa olunzulu capillary ukunyuka kwamanzi. Umhlaba yome kakhulu. Izityalo kulo mzekelo uyasilela ukunika kubo cerebrospinal kunye nezondlo. Phezu kwayo yonke le nto, sibukela nge imihlaba structureless kungenzeka ukufumana isivuno esihle kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuya kufuna umsebenzi rhoqo ekuxhaseni iindlela kwezolimo kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Isakhiwo ekumisweni wangaphezulu

Ilizwe esifaneleyo eliphezulu uba efanelekileyo kubomi bezityalo phantsi kweempembelelo iinkqubo ezimbini zisenzeka ngaxeshanye. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuyilwa kobume lomhlaba lwenzeka xa mechanical lokubolekwa ukwahlukana layer ukuba iimilo kwaye abe nobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo sesibini isakhiwo ukulungisa lwangaphakathi kunye neempawu izinto ezifunyenweyo.

izazinzulu Uphando lubonise ukuba ukuyilwa kobume bomhlaba, kunokwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo kwemichiza, physico-imichiza, izinto eziphilayo physico-mechanical.

Ngenxa yoko, ukubunjwa aggregate kwenzeka kunye desiccation alternation kunye humidification, ukuqanda thawing. Ukubunjwa kwaye ubume bomhlaba utshintsho phantsi kweempembelelo izilwanyana ebalulekileyo emgodini ukusuka xi ezwi iingcambu ekhulayo. Tshintsha iimpawu umaleko ongaphezulu zomhlaba ophezulu intsimi machining imipu.

Kwakhona, ubume kunye nolwakhiwo umhlaba kuxhomekeke kubukho okanye iziyobisi iglu. Bona adla colloids humic. Ezi zinto ayakwazi ukuguqula isakhiwo coagulation zomhlaba emanzini ezingatshiyo. Olu phawu ixhomekeke kubungakanani wamatye, isakhiwo ngomatshini, ubuchule bokufumana ukufunxa amanzi nokondla kwi kumphezulu emithanjeni. Emva imvula ilizwe loo ayakhekanga uqweqwe, leyo kunciphisa unikezelo ioksijini kwiingcambu zezityalo ezikhulayo.

zemihlaba enzima

Ngokutsho kulwakhiwo lwalo koomatshini umhlaba ochumileyo wahlulwe udongwe novunduvundu, obambe uyisanti kwaye nja-. Indlela ukuchaza kubo? Mechanical ukwakhiwa imihlaba kuvavanywa kwiisampuli. kweengqakumbana zomhlaba ethathwe kwiindawo ezininzi kolundi eliphezulu, eyenza elitywinwe-20 cm. Iisampulu zaye koko ezixutyiweyo ogalelwe ukuya intlama amanzi zesiqhelo. Ukuba ufumana ibhola, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba balubumbe intambo, umhlaba bobabo ukuya obambe wesanti. Xa enze izenzo abanomoya mhlaba ukuze sibenokubizwa njengendawo obambe. Kwaye kwimeko xa ibhola liqengqiwe, bephuma intambo, ngoko leyo zidibana ibe umsesane, nezaziwa ngokodongwe emhlabeni. Olu hlobo maleko olimekayo kugqalwa enzima. Ezi imihlaba babe ezixineneyo ephakamileyo kunye viscosity. Kulula ukuba lihlale ndawonye yaye kunzima inkqubo, unezihlabo igama layo.

Xa umba zomhlaba oludongwe na ukuwa. Yenza lutyhido ezinkulu ekunzima ukwahlukana kwaye batyumke. Ukuba umhlaba onjalo ukulima abe ngumfazi kulala phantsi, ngoko wonke umsebenzi uya kuza nto. Emva kwexesha elithile kwakhona amagada ukunamathelana. Yasendle iya ukulima kwakhona.

Yintoni isizathu sokuba ukuziphatha okunjalo imihlaba enzima? Le enxulumene isakhiwo ngamaqhekeza amancinci kakhulu aggregate ezishiya phakathi kwabo isithuba encinane.

ukugangatheka eliphezulu zomhlaba oludongwe uba unobangela breathability esibi. Oku kukhokelela isibakala sokuba Iingcambu zezityalo unikwa ioksijini ngokwaneleyo. Kunye nofikelelo eliqingqiweyo umoya magciwane ezihlala kula kwimihlaba. A imali encinane oksijini ehla inkqubo yokubola izinto zemvelo ukuya iimveliso ukuthotywa lokugqibela. Oku kwenza umhlaba amahlwempu, akakwazi ukuba bafake izityalo kufuneka ekukhuleni umcimbi wabo organic. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho ubomi oluncinane zebhayoloji kwiingcamba zodongwe. Ezinye iindawo kula mazwe bade ngokuba ufile. Azinabo ekuzakuqalwa kuphuhliswa ngoLwesithathu.

Spressovanoy kweengqakumbana zomhlaba aggregate lu dityanisiwe Lubalasele yelizwe njengoko permeability labo. Lé Udongwe ayakhekanga inkqubo capillary eziphuhlileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto yonke embi udlula ukufuma. Iingcambu zezityalo kwiinkalo ezifana ne ubunzima obukhulu uyakwazi ukufumana amanzi afunekayo ubomi babo.

Kwimihlaba enzima kukho inomnye umsebenzi negative. Ukuba amanzi uqokelela kubo, alufanelekanga kungena zomaleko kwezisezantsi kolundi nodongwe. amaninzi kuhlala ekukhuleni kwenkqubo ingcambu yezityalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukubola yayo.

Kunzima ukuba isakhiwo ilungileyo umhlaba udongwe. Kwaye oku kungqinwe baqubha umaleko olimekayo emvuleni. yokusithwa ngamafu phula up lokubolekwa ezincinane emhlabeni. Kwathi amaqhuma yodongwe zibe kumacandelo ezincinane ngokungaphelelanga enyibilikayo emanzini. Le oluludaka eliphuma angenziwa kakhulu ubophelela lokubolekwa zomhlaba. Emva omiswe kwamabala ezinjalo lihambisana uqweqwe umda umthondo eqinileyo ashinyeneyo kakhulu ioksijini, ukufuma kunye nokukhanya ku Iindlela ingcambu yezityalo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'emhlabeni eziphathekayo. " Isenzo kwelanga kukhokelela ngokuhlaziya umhlaba, isakhiwo apho ngenxa yesi sizathu kukuba nokuba ashinyeneyo ngakumbi.

Ewe, udongwe azingcolise zizityebi izinto, azafunyanelwa ndawo kunye neeminerali. Nangona kunjalo, izityalo abakwazi ukusebenzisa kubo ngokupheleleyo. Inyaniso yokuba inkqubo ingcambu ukubamba kuphela ezo izondlo ukuba kwimo lichithakale kwaye imveliso ekupheleni processing ngeentsholongwane. zomhlaba oludongwe ayiqondakali kakhulu permeability amanzi. Bengamahlwempu ebomini eziphilayo. Oku kuchaphazela nakwenzeka ngesondlo sisityalo ngasinye.

izivuno Low kula mazwe yile yokuba ezi zoleko zodongwe ngenxa mninzi yayo, kakuhle afudunyezwe imitha yelanga. Kwiindawo ezininzi kakhulu ezolimo kuhlala okulala ngexesha ehlotyeni.

Ukuphucula zemihlaba enzima

Kuba amasimi izityalo eziqhelekileyo kunye zomhlaba oludongwe kufuneka isakhiwo evakalala ngakumbi sofele. Kuphela ngale ndlela iza kudala iimeko kakuhle ukuze izityalo zikhule. Indlela ukuphucula ubume bomhlaba, egqalwa kakhulu? Oku kungenzeka ungeniso rhoqo umhlaba yakhululeka nokuququzelela amacandelo. Ukuze ibe umgquba okanye isanti, ikalika okanye uthuthu. Ukongeza, ukudala iimeko ithembisa ukuba ukukhula kwezityalo kufuneka umgquba umgquba. La macandelo ukudala emhlabeni eqhelekileyo zebhayoloji ukukhula eliphakathi.

Ukuphucula ubume bomhlaba ngokwemiqathango umthamo wamanzi kunokwenzeka xa usenza yona isanti. Oku kuya ngaxeshanye kwandisa conductivity wobushushu womhlaba enzima. Emva ukufudumala imimango zodongwe inkqubo sandsing ngokukhawuleza yome kwaye ulungele kuqhubekeko oluphambili.

imihlaba Ukukhanya okanye enesanti

Kuba ezi ngomhlaba luphawulwa inani eliphantsi zodongwe. Umthamo iphambili umhlaba kuthatha esantini. izixa ezincinane kuphela zifumaneka wamatye.

Imihlaba yesanti akukho nto ebizwa ngokuba emiphungeni. Emva zaxhonywa kuyinto snap. Kwaye oku ngokuya ubume bomhlaba granular. Ngenxa yakhe, ezi zexa elizayo kufuneka amanzi kunye permeability nomoya. Noko ke, sonke siyazenza kukhukuliseko kwaye akanako ukugcina ukufuma ngomaleko zabo. Ukongeza, imihlaba enesanti nje kuphela kakuhle ixesha lokufundisa seliphantse ukugqitha. Baya nazo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu lupholile.

Kodwa hayi nje kuphela ukuze na ndingatsho ukuba isakhiwo best umhlaba uyisanti. Kwezi lwexa ubomi amahlwempu eziphilayo. Oku kungenxa yokusilela ukufuma kunye nezondlo ezincane abahlala kwezi kwimihlaba.

Ukuphucula kumhlaba oyisanti

kumhlaba ekukhanyeni ukwenza rhoqo connecting uphawu namacandelo ukuba bavelise isivuno esihle. Ukuphuculwa ubume bomhlaba kungayanyaniswa imiphunga, kuba nokwenzeka ngokuxuba kunye umgquba okanye uneentlenga ezakhiwe frass okanye udongwe. Oku kuya kuzalisa pores phakathi kweengqakumbana entlabathini. Yaye ukuvela imekobume evumayo isityalo eziphilayo kuya kufuneka intshayelelo wamatye umgquba.

Ngakumbi imihlaba sandy kufuneka kuqwalaselwe umba zophuculo isichumiso. Imihlaba ukukhanya ukuba ngokugqibeleleyo wacanda ukufuma ukuba kugeza kuzo zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto isichumiso kwezi nkalo basebenzisa kuphela ukuzila kwaye rhoqo, kodwa imiqulu ezincinane.

avareji umhlaba

Omnyama zehlabathi ezithandwa kakhulu kwezolimo kunye izitiya. Baye ubume kakuhle umhlaba, apho umahluko kulala lumpiness okuziinkozo. Ukubunjwa komhlaba kwaye eqinileyo, ngokwaneleyo amasuntswana ezinkulu, kunye namacandelo dusts entle. Umhlaba emasimini ezinjalo kulula kakhulu ukusingatha. Emva elima ke musa ukuba abe kwaye aluyiyo lutyhido okuqinileyo.

Xa osisivunda imihlaba ezininzi kwezimbiwa kunye nezondlo, isitokhwe apho uyahlawulwa ngalo magciwane esebenzayo. imihlaba anjalo umoya permeability eliphezulu kunye namanzi. Bona ngokugqibeleleyo igcina ukufuma, kwakunye ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokufanayo wotha kwelanga. Ngenxa ukuxovwa elungeleleneyo kwi obambe wahlala lobushushu rhoqo.

Ukuphuculwa kumhlaba avareji

Ukuze agcine unikezelo izondlo kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo, umhlaba osisivunda kufuneka njalo umgquba. izimbiwa okanye organic nezichumiso ezongezelelweyo ngenjongo emva kocazululo preliminary olimekayo karhulumente.