Silicon: isicelo, iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni iimpawu

Enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kwindalo - oko silicium, okanye lesilicon. Ezo Ukusasazwa ngokubanzi ibonisa ukubaluleka nokubaluleka lo mbandela. Ngokukhawuleza laqonda bafunda abantu bafunda ukusebenzisa indlela silicon. ukusetyenziswa kwaso isekelwe phezu iimpawu ezikhethekileyo apho siza kuthetha ngakumbi.

Silicon - into imichiza

Ukuba unike inkcazelo eli nqaku kwi imeko kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kunokwenzeka ukuchonga ngongoma ibalulekileyo ilandelayo:

1. inani lothotho - 14.
2. Ixesha - a encinane wesithathu.
3. Group - IV.
4. Kwama - ekhaya.
5. Ubume electron iqokobhe engaphandle kubonakaliswa ifomula ² 3 3p ^2.
6. Chemical element lesilicon Si luchazwa yi umqondiso, nto leyo libizwa ngokuba "Silicium".
7. Igcwala karhulumente kwimiboniso: -4; -phinde ngo 2; 4.
8. Le Valence ye atom yi IV.
9. Silicon weight atomic ngu 28,086.
10. Kwindalo, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezintathu uzinzile le element ngamanani mass 28, 29 no-30.

Ngenxa yoko, atom lesilicon ukusuka umchiza uluvo - i element wafunda ngokwaneleyo, wachaza iintlobo iipropati ezahlukeneyo.

History of izovela

Ekubeni kanye uhlobo umxholo ezithandwayo kunye intlama khompawundi ezahlukeneyo element, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu kusetyenziselwa ukwazi malunga mihlaba kunye namagama abantu abaninzi babo. lesilicon Pure kade wahlala ngaphaya kwemida ulwazi lwabasebenzi chemistry.

Imichiza ezithandwa kakhulu, nto leyo ezazisetyenziswa iintlanga basekhaya mveliso iinkcubeko zamandulo (amaYiputa, Roma, rusichi Chinese, Persian kunye nabanye) axabisekileyo namatye semi-anqabileyo esekelwe lesilicon oxide. Ezi ziquka:

• yihakinto;
• rock njengekristale;
• netopazi;
• chrysoprase;
• onyx;
• yikalikedo kunye nabanye.

Wazenza zwi endala kunye nentlabathi zwi kwishishini lokwakha. Noko ke, Silicon elemental wahlala engekasonjululwa de ngenkulungwane XIX, nangona izazinzulu ezininzi ziye wazama ukuya kulahlula iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, besebenzisa kunye ehlanganisa, yaye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kunye nombane. Ezi iingqondo eziqaqambileyo, ezifana:

• Carl Scheele;
• Gay-Lussac;
• Tenar;
• Gemfri Devi;
• Antuan Lavuaze.

Ukusebenzisa ukufumana ngempumelelo lesilicon ecocekileyo waphumelela UJens Jacobs Berzelius ngo-1823. Kuba lo wachitha amava fluoride umphunga alloying lesilicon kunye potassium sisinyithi. Ngenxa yoko, i ukuguqulwa amorphous le element. Oosonzululwazi efanayo babemenyiwe igama kwisiLatini le atom evulekileyo.

Kamva, ngowe-1855, enye ingcali yenzululwazi - St. Claire Deville - ikwazile nokulungelelanisa iintlobo allotropes ezahlukeneyo - crystalline lesilicon. Ekubeni ulwazi lwesi sakhi kunye neempawu yawo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu iilebhile. Abantu baye baqaphela ukuba iye iimpawu ezizodwa enokuthi kakuhle kakhulu ukwenzela ukukhawulelana neemfuno zabo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje enye okufunwa kakhulu kwi bombane kunye neteknoloji - i lesilicon. ukusetyenziswa kwayo uyanda kuphela imida yayo kunyaka ngamnye.

igama Russian banikwa atom Isazinzulu Hess ngo-1831. Yile kwaye nca unanamhla.

Contents endalweni

Ukwanda kwindalo, lesilicon wesibini kuphela mpilo. pesenti yayo kuthelekiswa namanye athom equlathe uqweqwe - 29.5%. Ukongeza, carbon kunye lesilicon - element ezizodwa ezimbini bayila isekethe yokungena omnye komnye. Kungenxa yoko le nto kuba yokugqibela izimbiwa ezahlukeneyo zendalo ngaphezulu kwama-400, njengenxalenye wayifumana kwi lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere kunye biomass.

Apho kanye equkethwe lesilicon?

1. Xa ingxenye yaso zomhlaba.
2. Ezingxondorheni, zokugcina ma.
3. Ezantsi imizimba zamanzi, ngakumbi ezilwandle.
4. Xa izityalo kunye eziphila elwandle ebukumkanini izilwanyana.
5. Xa abantu kunye nezilwanyana komhlaba.

Ungasebenzisa uphawu ezinye izimbiwa eziqheleke kakhulu kwamatye njengenxalenye zikhoyo ngezixa amakhulu lesilicon. Imichiza kubo abanjalo ukuba umxholo umlinganiso element ecocekileyo apho ifikelela 75%. Nangona kunjalo, inani ngqo kuxhomekeke ngeentlobo izinto. Ngoko ke, amatye kunye neeminerali kunye nesiqulatho lesilicon:

• feldspars;
• linguMika;
• amphibole;
• opals;
• yikalikedo;
• silicates;
• sandstones;
• silicates aluminium;
• udaka kunye nezinye.

Lokwandisa phakathi kweqokobhe kunye exoskeletons zezilwanyana zaselwandle, lesilicon ekugqibeleni yakha iidipozithi enamandla dust kwi emazantsi amachibi. Le yenye yemithombo bendalo nesiqalelo.

Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ikhona Silicium ngendlela esulungekileyo lweenkobe - ngohlobo ziikristale. Kodwa iidipozithi ezinjalo zinqabile kakhulu.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of lesilicon

Xa upha abalinganiswa le element yeseti iipropati emzimbeni imichiza, okokuqala zonke kuyimfuneko ukuze achaze physical iparameters. Nazi ezimbalwa ezisisiseko:

1. Ikhona uguqulelo allotropic ezimbini - amorphous kunye crystalline, ezahluke zonke iipropati.
2. Le crystal Ilibele ifana kakhulu naleyo diamond, ngokuba carbon kunye lesilicon kule nkalo twatse. Noko ke, umgama phakathi atom ezinto ezahlukeneyo (ngakumbi kunobo lesilicon), ngoko ke diamond nzima yaye enamandla kakhulu. uhlobo Ilibele - ubuso-TAC cubic.
3. Le mveliso-nkum kakhulu, iba yeplastiki kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.
4. Iqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika yi 1415˚S.
5. Ukupheka point - 3250˚S.
6. Ukusetyenziswa Density - 2,33 g / cm ^3.
7. Umbala Connection - gray yesilivere, bavakalisa ebuntsimbi ayenechaphothi isici.
8. Kuye iipropati semiconducting elungileyo, ezinako ukukulumkisela ezingaguquguqukiyo kongezwe arhente ezahlukeneyo.
9. Enganyibilikiyo emanzini, izinyibilikisi organic kunye asidi.
10. Ngokukodwa enyibilikayo alkalis.

Jonga iimpawu emzimbeni lesilicon zinto zikhuthaza abantu ukuba uyilawule kwaye asebenzise ngayo ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iipropati zisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni semiconductivity elektroniki lesilicon ecocekileyo.

iipropati chemical

Iipropati lwemichiza lesilicon zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko awasabela ngayo. Ukuba sithethe into ecocekileyo izicwangciso ezisemgangathweni, kufuneka ukuba ubonise umsebenzi ophantsi kakhulu. Zombini crystalline kunye lesilicon amorphous ezi egalelwe kakhulu. Musa ndidibane naye nawuphina iioksidenti eyomeleleyo (ngaphandle fluorine) okanye arhente nokunciphisa ngamandla.

Oku kungenxa yokuba phezu oxide umboniso eziphathekayo Sio ₂ ezikhandelwa nangoko, nto leyo ethintela intsebenziswano engaphezulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba abunjwe phantsi kwempembelelo kwamanzi, umoya kunye umphunga.

Ukuba iimeko standard zitshintsha kwaye wenze ngokushushubeza Silicon ukuya lobushushu ngentla 400˚S, reactivity wayo uya kwandisa ngamandla. Kulo mzekelo, uya kusabela ne:

• oksijini;
• zonke iintlobo halogen;
• hydrogen.

Ngokwanda ngakumbi lobushushu, ukwakheka yemveliso ukusabela ne boron, nitrogen kunye carbon. Okubaluleke kakhulu carbide lesilicon - lifana, ekubeni kuyinto material elungileyo esirhabaxa.

Kwakhona, iimpawu eekhemikhali lesilicon ngokucacileyo zibonakala ngayo kunye nesinyithi. Kubo yena oxidizer, ngoko iimveliso kuthiwa silicide. iikhompawundi ezifana baziwa:

• awana;
• awana;
• iintsimbi sethutyana.

Ephindeneyo na iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga inokufumaneka xa alloying zentsimbi kunye lesilicon. Luthwala igama iiseramikhi ferrosilicon kwaye iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kolu shishino.

Njengoko izinto ezintsonkothileyo baphendule lesilicon Asingeni, ngoko yonke nako ukunyibilikisa kuphela iintlobo zazo:

• aqua regia (umxube nitric acids zehydrochloric);
• alkalis abuhlungu.

Ngenxa yoko iqondo lobushushu isisombululo kufuneka ungabi ngaphantsi kwe-60 ° C. Konke oku kungqina umbandela rhoqo emzimbeni - idayimani-oluzinzileyo crystalline emkhusaneni, ngokunika ngayo amandla kunye inertness.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Ukulungiswa lesilicon ngendlela ecocekileyo - inkqubo lubiza kakhulu ngokwezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yayo nokuba indlela unika% 90-99 kuphela imveliso ecocekileyo, ngoxa ubumdaka ngohlobo lwesinyithi zekhabhoni asekhona. Ngoko ke ukufika nje izinto akwanelanga. Kumelwe ngokomgangatho ngokucacileyo izinto kwamanye amazwe.

Ngokubanzi, imveliso lesilicon lwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Isanti emhlophe, nto leyo silicon oxide nyulu Sio _2. Calcining kunye nesinyithi esebenzayo (ngokuqhelekileyo wemagniziyam) ezikhandelwa i element khulula ngohlobo kukho ukuguqulwa amorphous. Limsulwa kule ndlela iphezulu, imveliso ifunyenwe kunye isivuno ka-99,9 ekhulwini.
2. Indlela eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwi isikali mveliso - a esantini anyibilike sintering kunye coke kwi kilns ezizodwa thermal. Le ndlela waphuhliswa zizazinzulu Russian Beketovym N. N.

unyango obuthe vetshe nolwazi zokucoca iindlela iimveliso. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ii-asidi okanye halogens (chloro, fluoro).

electronic amorphous

Silicon uphawu iya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba akazange acinge ukuba ngokwahlukileyo ngalinye zayo zokulungisa allotropic. Eyokuqala kuzo - is amorphous. Kule nto contact karhulumente kuthathwa yi ngumgubo ontsundu omdaka, ezicukucezwe zancinane saa. Ingaba hygroscopic kakhulu, ivelisa reactivity sezingeni eliphezulu phezu ukufudumeza. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, uyakwazi ukunxibelelana kuphela oxidizer inamandla - fluorine.

Wabiza lesilicon amorphous luhlobo yikristale olungachanekanga ngokupheleleyo. emkhusaneni wayo ibonisa ukuba ubuncwane - luhlobo lesilicon ezicukucezwe zancinane ezikhoyo ngohlobo ziikristale. Ngoko ke, njengokuba enjalo, ezi kuhlenga - Compound efanayo.

Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu zabo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngoko nokuzithetha allotropes. Ngokwawo, Silicon amorphous unendlela ophezulu svetopoglotitelnoy. Ukongeza, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, esi salathisi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukusuka uhlobo crystalline efanayo. Ngoko ke, isetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino. Kule fomu (umgubo) ephindeneyo lula isicelo nawuphi na umgangatho, nokuba yinto iplastiki okanye ngeglasi. Ngoko ke, kufanelekile ukuba ukusetyenziswa yi lesilicon amorphous. Isicelo isekelwe kusenziwa iiseli elanga ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo.

Nangona banxibe le iibhetri yolu hlobo ngempela fast, ngenxa lingonakali izixhobo umboniso obhityileyo, kodwa usebenziso imfuno ukhula nje. Ngapha koko, kwanokuba ubomi inkonzo elifutshane iiseli solar ngokusekelwe lesilicon amorphous banako ukunika amandla kwishishini liphela. Ukongeza, imveliso leyo ngaphandle inkunkuma, nto leyo eyenza kube nenoqoqosho kakhulu.

Ilungiswe yi ayithobe loyamano iikhompawundi izinyithi esebenzayo, umz, isodiyam okanye wemagniziyam.

crystalline electronic

Objects ukuguqulwa yesilivere-izimvi i element. Yiyo le fomu eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye kakhulu ethandwa. Oku kuchazwe yintlaninge iipropati ubunjani ubephethwe kweziyobisi.

Iimpawu Silicon yikristale emkhusaneni iquka iintlobo zalo Ukuhlelwa, njengoko ezininzi kubo:

1. kwizinga Electronic - awona kunye Osenyangweni. Olu luhlobo ezisetyenziswa elektroniki ukwakha izixhobo olubuthathaka kakhulu.
2. grade Solar. Igama ngokwayo ichaza indawo ukusetyenziswa. Kananjalo silicon ntumbuluko ngokwanelisayo phezulu, ukusetyenziswa apho kuyimfuneko ukwenza ophezulu ezikumgangatho elide-aphilileyo solar. converters Photoelectric ukuba zisekelwe kubume yikristale esemgangathweni ngakumbi banxibe-ukumelana ngaphezu kwabo ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa amorphous ngokuthi meko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendawana.
3. electronic Technical. Kule hlobo izinto zibandakanyiwe ezo iisampuli, leyo iqulathe malunga ne-98% into ecocekileyo. Bonke abanye aye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukungcola:

• boron;
• aluminium;
• chloro;
• carbon;
• phosphorus kunye nezinye.

Uhlobo yokugqibela ukwimo kuthethwa ngawo usetyenziswa ukufumana polycrystals lesilicon. Ukuze wenze oku, enze inkqubo recrystallization. Ngenxa yoko, le nobunyulu elifunyenwe iimveliso ezinjalo, leyo kunganxulunyaniswa kumaqela yomgangatho elanga kunye elektroniki.

Ngu polysilicon nemvelo - oko oluphakathi phakathi kwe ukuguqulwa amorphous kunye nomkhenkce. Ngenxa ngobuwena onjalo lula ukusebenza, kungcono ukuba isetyenziswe kunye nokucoca fluorine kunye chlorine.

Iimveliso ukuba umphumo ziyakwahlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• multisilicon;
• monocrystalline;
• crystals ezimise;
• electronic scrap;
• electronic Technical;
• ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma ngohlobo amaqhekeza kunye bechola-eziphathekayo.

Ngamnye kubo esetyenziswa kwishishini kwaye isetyenziswa ngumntu ngokupheleleyo. Ngako oko, iinkqubo zemveliso, phezu lesilicon, zithathwa non inkunkuma-. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ixabiso layo kwezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umgangatho.

Ukusebenzisa electronic ecocekileyo

ishishini lemveliso lesilicon kuzinza kakuhle, kwaye scale wayo kakhulu enkulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba i element njengoko a blank, kwaye ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, yandile kwaye imfuno kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi neteknoloji.

Apho isetyenziswa crystalline kunye lesilicon amorphous kwifomu yalo became?

1. Yokunyibilikisa isinyithi njengento Ukongeza alloying, ukukwazi ukutshintsha iimpawu zesinyithi kunye aluminium zabo. Ngoko ke, oko isetyenziswa ukunyibilika ngentsimbi uphose yentsimbi.
2. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwezinto abashiya lwalo yokwenziwa ecocekileyo - polysilicon.
3. iikhompawundi Silicon ne umcimbi eziphilayo - lishishini imichiza, nto leyo zithandwa kakhulu namhlanje. ngezinto abicah zisetyenziswa amayeza, ekwenziweni impahla, izixhobo kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.
4. Ukuveliswa panel ezahlukeneyo elanga. Le ndlela yokufumana amandla yenye nathembisayo kwixesha elizayo. Eco-CD, iindleko-olusebenzayo hardwearing - okulungileyo lombane enjalo.
5. lighters Silicon esetyenziselwa ixesha elide kakhulu. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo abantu basebenzisa yintlantsi leqhwitha ngenxa ucinezelo komlilo. Lo mgaqo sisiseko ekuveliseni iintlobo ngeentlobo lighter. Namhlanje, kukho iintlobo apho Iqhwitha hlobo ithathwa i ingxubevange ye sisincoko ethile, nto leyo enika iziphumo ezininzi ngokukhawuleza (arcing).
6. Electronics kunye namandla elanga.
7. zerkalets Production kwizixhobo laser igesi.

Ngenxa yoko, lesilicon olunyulu has a lot of iipropati kusilungele, kunye ezizodwa ezivumela ukuba asebenzise ngayo ukwenza izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye kuyimfuneko.

Ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi lesilicon

Ukongeza into elula ukuba iikhompawundi lesilicon lwamayeza kunye ezahlukeneyo izeziphi ngokubanzi kakhulu. Kukho lonke kwishishini kuthiwa silicate. Oku kusekelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, eziquka le nto eyoyikekayo. Yintoni uqhagamshelwano kwaye zikhutshwa?

1. Isanti zwi okanye emlanjeni - Sio _2. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa wokwakha kunye nezinto zokuhombisa, ezifana isamente kunye negilasi. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezinjalo yaziwa kakuhle. Akukho namnye ulwakhiwo ayikho ngaphandle kumacandelo data, nto leyo engqina ukubaluleka iikhompawundi lesilicon.
2. ukubumba Silicate, equka izinto ezifana zodongwe, imveliso yephondo, yezitena kunye neemveliso ezisekelwe phezu kwabo. Ezi ziqendu kusetyenziswa amayeza, ekwenziweni tableware, imihombiso, impahla yendlu, ukwakhiwa kunye nezinye iindawo domestic zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.
3. iikhompawundi abicah - abicah, dust, ioli abicah.
4. iglu Silicate - isetyenziswa njenge-ofisi, xa umdlalo kunye nolwakhiwo.

Silicon, ixabiso apho kuyahlukana emakethe zomhlaba, kodwa hayi ukuwela uphawu phantsi engange-100 Russian khilogram (of yikristale) nganye into ethandwayo kunye zexabiso. Ngokwendalo, iikhompawundi lwesi sakhi kwakunye ngokubanzi esebenzayo.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo lesilicon

Ngokokubaluleka umzimba lesilicon ngaphandle ukubaluleka. umxholo wayo kunye nokuthunyelwa kwizihlunu imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• 0,002% - imisipha;
• 0.000017% - ithambo;
• Igazi - 3.9 mg / l.

Yonke imihla kufuneka kuwela malunga yegram enye lesilicon, okanye uya kuhlaselwa sesi sifo. Esibulalayo ayikho phakathi kwabo, ke bolulelwa yendlala lesilicon kukhokelela:

• ukuwa kweenwele;
• imbonakalo induna kunye namaqhakuva;
• ubu kunye brittleness emathanjeni;
• permeability capillary ukukhanya;
• ukukhathala intloko ebuhlungu;
• ukuvela imivimbo nemivumbo.

Kuba izityalo, Silicon - kubalulekile sakhi ayimfuneko ukukhula eqhelekileyo kunye nophuhliso. Izifundo Animal aye abonisa ukuba abo bantu akhula ngcono, ngubani imihla kudla imali eyaneleyo lesilicon.