Zilwanyana ungumlimi okanye abathengi? ngezigaba yezinambuzane

iplanethi yethu umiwe ngabantu, izilwanyana, nemikhiwane yakhe, imifuno, amakhowa. Kodwa ukongezelela eziphilayo eyingenelo, eziyingozi apho, ezifana gazi. Yini na ukuba kwezinye iimeko eziyingozi, ngoxa abanye bazuze? Zilwanyana ziyenzeka, yintoni na ukuhlelwa kwazo? Funda eli nqaku.

abavelisi

Xa intliziyo naluphi eziphilayo siphila kunye izinto non-eziphilayo. Le yokugqibela ngokuba zinto abiotic. Nasiphi na isakhiwo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle yokuvelisa zasemanzini - eziphilayo, esikwaziyo ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo, esebenzisa ezingaphiliyo. Ezi ziquka izityalo inkqubo photosynthesis ukuba ithatha indawo ngoncedo ukukhanya. Izityalo usebenzisa carbon, amanzi, kunye neeminerali ezithile xa baboniswa yiklorofili ziyakwazi synthesizing into ephilayo.

consuments

Ngaba eziphilayo ukuba awadli mba organic ukulungele. Ezi ziquka izilwanyana, abantu, ezinye Cya, izityalo. Kwaye izinambuzane ntoni? Ngokusekelwe endleleni yobomi, ukuba ngabathengi. Beza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

• Umyalelo wokuqala okanye kuqala. Ezi ziquka izilwanyana, ukutya kuzo izityalo.
• odolo Secondary okanye kwesibini. Badla ukutya kwezilwanyana, kodwa ukutya kwabo iqulathe kunye izinto yemifuno, oko kukuthi, abathengi zaseprayimari. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinambuzane abangabakhe. Konsumentami kunye nezilwanyana odlayo izinto eziphilayo. Uninzi lwe-eneji abayifumana kwizityalo andizidlanga. Oku sisiqalo kwikhonkco lokutya jikelele. Ezidla batya nezihlunu izilwanyana ezitya utyani, kwaye buthathaka ezidla. Irhorho vacancies ngokuxhaphaza kwezinye izinto, yaye, bona, sebenzisa sverhparazity. Ukusuka oku, kulandela ukuba izinambuzane zenziwe kwabathengi. Cya zizibolisi-wokugqiba ikhonkco lokutya, abuyisele izinto eziphilayo wokumbiwa karhulumente. flow amandla ngelixa ngcembe uphelelwa amandla ayo.

zizibolisi

Eli qela ethile amagciwane fungi ukuba atshabalalise iintsalela izityalo ezifileyo kunye nezilwanyana, ukuzitshintsha emanzini kunye carbon dioxide. Ngoko ke, loo maphalo are Cya abalugqibayo umjikelo ndayokufika izinto zonakala emva emoyeni, kodwa urhulumente omtsha. Ngoko ke ukuyilwa kwitsheyina lokutya, leyo kubavelisi abathengi eziphilayo.

Zilwanyana kuba njengomgquba njengoko iyangqinelana ngokupheleleyo inkcazelo zabo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Onke amacandelo e-chain kokutya ngokusondeleyo ezihambelanayo. Bona ukusebenzelana: ezinye ukufunxa izinto ezahlukeneyo, kunye nabanye woyekelelo yabo. Mpilo kunye organic izinto kuhlanganiswa abavelisi ndiwalusele consuments luze luphefumle eziphilayo.

heterotrophs

Le ephilayo akakwazi synthesizing izinto eziphilayo ezivela ezingaphiliyo. Ngoko ke, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuvelise, kwaye heterotrophic ukuhlika kuphela aphezulu. Heterotrophs ekuhlaleni - a abathengi order ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Zilwanyana ezi heterotrophs, nto leyo nayo: abantu kunye nezilwanyana, izityalo kunye nomngundo, abanako amagciwane photosynthesis. Ezinye-heterotrophic izityalo, ngokuba yiklorofili engekho ngokupheleleyo. Ezi ziquka i Rafflesia kunye broomrape, kwaye abanye baye ndaphelelwa ezinye kuyo. Hi xikombiso, le dodder.

izityalo olwaye lwamfimfitha

Bafana nantoni na? Izityalo, amakhalane ziquka ezo eziye baphulukana ukukwazi self-ukwakhiwa oganikhi khompawundi, ngamanye amazwi ukuba inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Abayi amandla ekhemikhali ngenxa yamandla ayo wanye incindi evela host yezityalo, udle. Ukuze siphile, amakhalane zincamathele kwi iingcambu nezikhondo izityalo ezinjalo kunye zasendle. Ukulahlekelwa izondlo, izityalo host buthathaka kakhulu kwaye akakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokuqhelekileyo. Qala ukuba barhuqe emva ekukhuleni kunye singami ndawonye. Kwezi izityalo, iziqhamo musa zivuthwe.

Izityalo ke olwaye lwamfimfitha dodder ezinye iintlobo, ezifana clover kunye ilusini. Ezi ukhula akukho yiklorofili kunye neengcambu. Ba kunye emide, ethambileyo zinti uhlanganise ngokupheleleyo umkhosi izityalo wazazisa kuyo. zilwanyana esiqwini, eziquka dodder yadika incindi de de isityalo issushat ngokupheleleyo. Kukho nezinambuzane iingcambu, ezibandakanya broomrape. Zihlasela iingcambu zikajongilanga, tomato, icuba, ntsango.

semiparasites Plant

izidlo zabo kwakhona kwezondlo zezityalo nezinambuzane umkhosi zincamathele kwi iingcambu okanye nezikhondo. Kodwa semiparasites bayakwazi umBoniso. Ukanti, ukuba isityalo siyafa, ukhula-semiparasites kuqhubeka bephila wedwa. Umzekelo okuhombisa, eye yiklorofili, kwaye uyakwazi yefotosinthsis. Ezinye ukutya uvelisa poluparazit ngokuzimeleyo ezidadayo kwinyama ezinzulu wonke lana okutyiwa sisityalo.

Beautiful iye iintlobo ezininzi, yaye phantse bonke bephela olwaye lwamfimfitha iyasetyenzelwa. Kwaye ke okuhombisa zezohlobo olufanayo uhlala nzulu imithi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ngokwesimo kukho iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela, ezo lulungiselelwe ukuba naziphi na iintlobo enye lomthi. Umzekelo, ukuba okuhombisa ihlumelo pine Lodge emibhaka iqale ukuba ayonakalise, umkhosi omertveyut iinkuni womluki kunye okuhombisa iyafa.

awafanele ezidala

Kubo kwindalo, kukho amawaka amabini iintlobo. Ukuze usinde, amakhowa, gazi ukusebenzisa abaxhasi. Zizinto izinambuzane, izilwanyana, intlanzi kunye nezityalo. Indawo ngokuqukunjelwa fungi abe imithi ufile, izilwanyana, okanye amagqabi iwile. Kuba nomngundo, amakhalane ziquka siyarusa, smut, yiergot. Bachaphazela iitapile, ingqolowa, oats kunye nezinye izityalo. Oku kubangela ukuba isivuno esincinci.

Kuba nomngundo, irhorho ziquka Aspergillus kunye Cordyceps, indawo zokuhlala kuzo izinambuzane. Wosuleleke yiNtsholongwane iinyosi mycelium ngundo Aspergillus likhula ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukhokelela enamathela chitinous inshorensi kwezinambuzane iqokobhe emhlophe. Bee uyafa. Njengoko ngokuba Cordyceps ngundo, ngoko wenza nokuba ngcono: luhlala ngaphakathi ezinqunquthayo, zayidla nezibilini zayo bukhula ngaphandle. Emva koko, lo ezinqunquthayo uyafa. Eyona yingozi na uqikelelo amanita kunye pholiota.

ngezigaba yezinambuzane

Oku kusekelwe criteria ezahlukeneyo. Cinga ezinye zazo. yezinambuzane ahlala:

• elala yangaphakathi ngaphakathi host eziphilayo.
• eziphilayo yangaphandle phezu komzimba host.

Ngexesha parasitism ngexesha zophuhliso:

• Constant - kuba neziphumo eziyingozi phezu ebomini. Umzekelo, ukuba trichomonas.
• Periodic - amaxesha kubonakala eyahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, flatworms.
• Zexesha elifutshane - amaxesha enye okanye ngaphezulu kujongana nazo ixesha elifutshane kunye umkhosi. Isenokuba iintakumba, rhorho, iincukuthu, kwiingcongconi.

Ulwalamano kunye nomnini parasite:

• Kwiimeko zithile - inkqubo yophuhliso sisidleleli akakwazanga ukugqitywa ngaphandle nomlomo.
• Relative - zilwanyana kwi kwinqanaba elithile wophuhliso nobomi.