Radiation Ionizing: ukhuseleko kwimitha (amanyathelo kunye nezixhobo)

Nemifula emasimini umoya of photons (photons) kunye amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo (corpuscles) imitha ionizing. Ukukhuselwa kwimitha kubaluleke kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngexesha ukuhamba kwayo nayiphi na into flow loo ionizes zonke iimolekyuli zayo atom.

radiation yangasemva Natural

Ionizing radiation njenge kwizimanga zendalo ukho kuzo zonke iindawo. Kuziwa uMhlaba evela emajukujukwini. Ngaba emanzini, babulewe evela emoyeni. izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo Radioactive of imvelaphi yokuba ukungena zibe eziphilayo ngexesha isidlo kunye bahlale kuyo.

Ukususela kwasekuqaleni iplanethi yethu kuwo yaba radiation ionizing yendalo. akufunwa Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene olu hlobo imitha, niphambuke kubo nje akunakwenzeka. Yemisebe yendalo rhoqo ikhapha umntu ngaphandle kokuzenzakalisa impilo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe radiation ionizing

Imisebe njenge into emzimbeni yabhaqwa 1896. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ziphuma isicelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Umzekelo, kwicandelo lwamandla kumazwe amaninzi yindawo ebalulekileyo inikwa izityalo amandla enyukliya. Zazisetyenziswa radiation radioactive amayeza. Ngayo kubanjwe ukubonwa kwezifo kunye enyama yangaphakathi, kwakunye neeseshoni yonyango radiation kwi unyango lomhlaza. Ukusebenzisa inani kwezinto radioactive ukufunda iinkqubo pathways emzimbeni, nezibilini efunda.

Isicelo ingaphezulu zoxolo kunye ngeenjongo zohlolo mveliso. Apho izinto radioactive babekwa ezahlukeneyo izixhobo zolawulo.

Sonke siyazi umqondiso "uphume", esifakwe iinqwelo kunye nezakhiwo. Iqulethe eziFihliweyo eqhumayo. Ngenxa kule iziyobisi phawu uyakwazi ukuze ukuvutha ebumnyameni nokuba kuthe ukuqhawuka ngengozi. americium Radioactive ezifumaneka ezininzi izixhobo alarm umlilo ezifakwe kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye namakhaya.

Effects on emzimbeni

Kuxhomekeka spectrum yayo eneji radiation radioactive babe ionizing ezahlukeneyo kunye namandla wajula. Ukususela uhlobo kwipropati kwaye zizakuxhomekeka ifuthe ukuhamba phezu esiphilayo. Amasuntswana edlula into bemvelo ayikhuphi amandla ethile. Xa ngokwaneleyo amaxabiso aphezulu ngayo ukutshabalala iibhondi lwemichiza iimolekyuli kunye atom. Ngamanye amazwi, kanye nokusebenza zonke iiseli esiqwini eliphilileyo, yaphula radiation ionizing. Protection kumaza kule meko kubaluleke kakhulu. Oku kuzakugcina umntu esempilweni.

imiphumela emibi

radiation Ionizing kunokuba nemiphumo somatic emzimbeni womntu. Oku kubonisa syndrome radiation ezingapheliyo kunye etsolo kunye nokwenzakala radiation focal. Kwezinye iimeko, amasuntswana radioactive abe neziphumo somatic-stochastic. Oku kubonakala foetal angamwisa, ukwenzeka yamathumba yingozi, kunciphisa iminyaka yobomi kunye neentsilelo yemfuza.

udidi lwemitha

radioactive yamasuntswana stream umthombo inokuba ngaphandle komzimba womntu. Kwimeko enjalo kukho ukungakhuseleki lwangaphandle.

izinto Radioactive unokufumana emzimbeni wethu ukutya, amanzi kunye nomoya. Oku kuya kunika zokukhanya lwangaphakathi. Ichaphazela Kwakhona kakubi impilo yethu.

Yintoni ukhuseleko ngokuchasene flow radioactive

Imigaqo ezisisiseko nokhuseleko ionizing radiation afakwe ku:

• intlonelo imida ithamo esisiseko;
• kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa iidosi ezininzi radiation kwinqanaba elisezantsi;
• nokungasetyenziswa nkqu sesichengeni kancane nasihlahla.

Abasebenzi abasebenza iziqalelo imitha kufuneka kudlule indlela yokuhlola. Injongo yalo msebenzi kukuqinisekisa kwimitha umthamo umntu. Umthamo zolawulo kufuneka silingane ngqo yohlobo lomsebenzi yomqeshwa kunye izinto radioactive. Ngalinye yabaqhubi abaye ukuqhakamshelana nemithombo amasuntswana obhobhozayo kufuneka dosimeter ngamnye. Esi sixhobo kuyimfuneko kolawulo ithamo radiation ngumntu.

Ukuphunyezwa amanyathelo okunciphisa iimpembelelo flow radioactive

kuphunyezwa njani na imigaqo esisiseko wokhuseleko nxamnye ionizing radiation? Ukuba zizalisekiswe kwi ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• ukunciphisa imithombo radiation amandla (Inombolo protection);
• Ukuncitshiswa Imvelaphi operation (ixesha protection);
• ukwandisa umgama ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzisi ukuya kumthombo (ukhuseleko umgama);
• ukufakelwa uvikele izinto ikwazi ukubizela imilambo isuntswana (screens nokukhuselwa);
• ukwenziwa kweendlela zonyango kunye lombutho-technical.

Konke oku kungentla - ezi ndlela iphambili wokhuseleko ngokuchasene ionizing radiation. Kuba aziwe yabo, oko akuyonto isetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko ezithile, iirobhothi kunye ezandleni, kodwa zokusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo le nkqubo.

Iindlela okunqanda radiation ionizing ziquka kuludwe zalo ngokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo izixhobo zobuqu kunye nokufakwa walumkisa kwimitha imiqondiso ingozi.

izixhobo izakhiwo

Ukukhuselwa sesichengeni kwimitha ionizing yinxalenye ekunikezeleni indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Kwezo ndawo apho abasebenzi abasebenza kunye zizinto radioactive, kufuneka ulawulo iyonke, uvumela ukucwangcisa izinga ezahlukeneyo udidi lwemitha. Ezi amagumbi okanye iindawo uya mayixhotyiswe inkqubo umoya ukuba izinga umoya esingekho ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Ukongeza, isithuba idatha efunekayo ekwahluleni ukusuka abanye.

umsebenzi wenziwa phi na ionizing kwemali, iingcango, iisilingi, imigangatho kunye neendonga kufuneka isixhobo okhethekileyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuba nomzi radioactive eluthulini kunye nokungabikho Absorption amathuba materials kukwazi ulwelo radioactive, umphunga, ulwelo. Ukwenza njalo, anike igumbi usebenzisa PVC iplastiki, ilinoliyam, iipeyinti ioli, njl Ukuthatha onke amanyathelo kunokwenzeka ukukhusela nxamnye ionizing radiation, kuyimfuneko ukulawula imeko yimibutho egumbini. Kufuneka babe naziphi neentanda kunye neetships. Ukongeza, eliyi amagumbi ngeenxa ngaphandle ngokuyimfuneko. Oku kushenxisa iindawo apho radioactive uthuli kwaye kube lula ukucocwa.

Hlamba le ndawo apho umsebenzi lwenziwa ionizing radiation kufuneka imihla ngemihla. Uwunikela kunye ngenyanga zokucoca jikelele ezifana iziza. Oku kubandakanya ukucoca iifestile, iindonga, ifenitshala, izixhobo kunye neengcango usebenzisa amanzi ashushu anesepha.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokhuseleko lobuqu

Abasebenzi abasebenza izinto radioactive, kufuneka benxibe iimpahla ezikhethekileyo. Ikhusela ngokupheleleyo umzimba kwimitha alpha. Ngaphezu koko, ungaphoswa inxalenye beta-, gamma- okanye ukuhamba X-yamasuntswana. Ezinye iindlela zokukhusela ngokuchasene radiation ionizing - yinto antikontaminatsionnye iisuti neeglavu, iibhutsi neenkontsho, izibuko, bathimbe ovaroli. Bonke kusetyenziswa impilo yabantu zokukhanya xa lwangaphandle. Uluhlu oluthile izixhobo ngobuqu buxhomekeke amandla ionizing radiation.

Nge ukungcoliswa ekhutshwe imiwundu kancinane umqeshwa kunye coveralls, kwakunye iikepusi, athungwe ukusuka cotton ilaphu. Amanqanaba aphezulu radioactivity zifuna film banxibe iimpahla olongezelelweyo njengoko bracers, iibhulukhwe, zisuke kubo izifo, njalo njalo, nto leyo yenziwe zeplastiki. Izandla kulo mzekelo ukukhusela kukhokela yerabha buzane isikhuseli.

Xa abasebenzi kakhulu ezingcolisekileyo kukhutshwa iisuti (iisuti uxinzelelo) ezenziwe ngezinto zeplastiki ukuba umbhobho bhetyebhetye apho umoya nakwesiphi. Xa izixhobo lwempahla inokuba zokubhala izixhobo oksijini.

OLawulo okunqanda ionizing iiglasi imitha, ezo eyafakwa Tungsten okubandakanya ezizodwa, iglasi ukukhokela okanye phosphate. izixhobo ezizodwa asetyenziswa xa usebenza alpha kunye radiation beta. Yakhiwa amacwecwe zeglasi organic.

amasuntswana Radioactive ukuba ufake umzimba, asinakukwazi ukulandisa apho. Oku kukhokelela zokukhanya lwangaphakathi. kuzichanaba esongela ukuvela ezimbi ezahlukeneyo.

ukhuseleko ngamnye kumaza ionizing kunganciphisa isixa tapeworm element radioactive nge iphecana sokuphefumla.

Ukunciphisa umgama ukusuka kumthombo

Ngeemeko zomsebenzi ezikhuselekileyo kunye zizinto radioactive uzikise xa isicelo ukhuseleko olubanzi oluchasene radiation ionizing kuphela. Kulo mzekelo, imiqathango ethile ejolise sigcine impilo yabantu iya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lesixhobo kunye nemiqathango inkqubo yemveliso.

Iindidi zokhuseleko ngokuchasene radiation ionizing yahlukile, kodwa elula kakhulu kwaye ngaxeshanye enokuthenjwa kubo ukhuseleko umgama. Oku kungenxa yokuba radiation unokuphulukana amandla ayo amandla. Ngaphezu koko, oku kwenzeka nge ukwandisa umgama ukusuka kumthombo.

Ukusetyenziswa izikrini ezizodwa

Iindlela okunqanda radiation ionizing kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa hayi nje umntu kodwa asethi ehlangeneyo. kwiimfuno zakutshanje zilawulwa yi GOST 12.4.120-83. Olu xwebhu ezilawulayo inika uluhlu oluthile iindlela ezidityanelweyo wokhuseleko, eziquka:

• izikrini Iselula nezinto zokubhala;
• Iibhokisi ukhuseleko kunye isefu;
• izikhongozeli ezizodwa, apho ukugcinwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwimithombo radiation, njl

Indlela Human ngempumelelo ngokukhuselwa ukuhamba amasuntswana radioactive ezimbi kukuba ukufaka ukhuselo ezizodwa. Bona izikrini akhethekileyo nende ezahlukeneyo. Bona ezenziwe ngezinto ezizodwa athintele nokuhamba ngamasuntswana. Eyona njongo ephambili yale izikrini kukunciphisa ukuba imigangatho wokunciphisa owamkelekileyo emsebenzini. Ngamanye amaxesha ukusebenza imithombo radiation oluqhutywa emagumbini ezizodwa. Kwiindawo ezinjalo izikrini ziya kusebenza phantsi neendonga, kunye nophahla ezenziwe ngezinto ezizodwa.

Ezinye iintlobo zezixhobo ezidityanelweyo yokhuselo

Ngo-mveliso apho yokugcina yenziwa imithombo gamma-ray, sebenzisa isefu ezizodwa. Izinto malunga nokuveliswa yabo zentsimbi kunye bakhokele.

Ukusebenza izakhi radioactive, babe alpha okanye beta umsebenzi oluqhutywa kwiibhokisi isikhuseli zokuzikhusela. Esebenzisa ukhuseleko nemibutho yabasebenzi, kwaye ziquka ingqokelela ezizodwa kunye nezinto ezibekwe inkunkuma eqhumayo. Njengoko izinto esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa ngentsimbi, iglasi eziphilayo, kukhokelela njl

Ukukhusela uluntu

Emva iingozi ezinkulu kumashishini ezisebenzisa imithombo amasuntswana radioactive, ionizing radiation ingahlakazeki ukuya kwiindawo ezinkulu. Protection kumaza kulo mzekelo siphathelele bonke abantu abahlala kummandla sentlekele. zibaluleke kakhulu ukugcina kuphela sempilweni amanyathelo ezithile, kodwa ohlala.

Ukukhusela uluntu nxamnye radiation ionizing uza ngamnye iingcebiso umntu othile. Kuba ukuphunyezwa yazo kufuneka ibe:

• ukuba uzifihle ngakwilitye le iindonga indlu yokuhlala, nto leyo ukunciphisa kakhulu umgangatho ionizing radiation;
• eminyango -dense kunye izakhelo, kwakunye ukuvala kwale migodi ukwenzela ukuthintela ukungena ye elements radioactive evela emoyeni emfuleni;
• Stock up on amanzi okusela kwaye ukucima impompo;
• ubambe iodine prophylaxis;
• ukuqokelela izinto, amayeza kunye namaxwebhu eziya kufuneka, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngobungxamo.

Iindlela okunqanda radiation ionizing xa uhambisa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo kufuneka iquke ukhuselo sokuphefumla. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ezinjenge- ekhoyo zingasetyenziswa njenge itawuli, isiqwenga impahla, itshefu okanye umhlabelo igozi ekufuneka pre-desensitised ngamanzi. Khusela nxamnye imiphumo ebuhlungu radiation kunye nesikhumba kuza kufuneka. Kufuneka ube njengesinxibo ivaliwe. Ingubo likhusela nayiphi ngesigqubuthelo sentloko.