Semipalatinsk site uvavanyo yenyukliya: imbali, iziphumo zovavanyo

Semipalatinsk site uvavanyo enyukliya yenye izahluko anzima kwimbali longquzulwano phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini - USSR kunye USA. Kukholelwa ukuba nokudalwa izixhobo ezinjalo aphezulu-amandla kunye ebulalayo ukuba eSoviet Union ngelo xesha kunzima nto efuneka kakhulu. Kodwa ke ngakumbi esondela izazinzulu wenyukliya ukufunyanwa yakhe, lo mbuzo uba ukucofa ngakumbi njengoko apho ukuba eli kuphuhliso yakutshanje. Kwaye ke isisombululo kule ngxaki wafunyanwa.

History of indalo

Kufuneka ke ukuba isiza uvavanyo yenyukliya yaba yinxalenye yeprojekthi ukwakha ezabo atomic. Kwaba ngoko ukufumana indawo efanelekileyo ukuzama phandle izixhobo ezitsha. Waqalisa kumathafa Kazakhstan, leyo wajika waya site uvavanyo zenyukliya Semipalatinsk. Uphi na le ndawo, ngexesha lethu, bambalwa uyazi. Okunye ngqo, oku emathafeni phezu kodonga lasekunene Irtysh River, km nje 130 ukusuka Semipalatinsk.

Kamva kwaye kwacaca ukuba isimo se kule ngingqi zivunywa ukuba udubulo yangaphantsi imingxunya namatonela. Le ethile kuphela kukuba i-Chinese Consulate wenzela, kodwa kwakhawuleza yavalwa Semipalatinsk.

Agasti 21, 1947 wakhupha umthetho echaza ukuba ulwakhiwo kwaqala ngaphambili le Gulag ngoku kutshintshelwa kwiSebe loKhuselo phantsi kwesihloko "Inombolo ngokufundisa 2 MBC USSR (e / h 52605)." umphathi wakhe wamiselwa uLieutenant-Jikelele P. Rozhanovicha kunye nomphathi lwezenzululwazi - M. A. Sadovskogo, owathi kamva owaba academician.

test

Okwesihlandlo sokuqala isixhobo senyukliya kwi USSR iye yavavanywa Agasti 1949. Amandla kuwa ke liqhuma yaba 22 kilotons. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukulungiselela kakuhle. Oku bekuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba kukhuselwe mali iphezulu ulwazi ifuthe kunye neziphumo isicelo sale isixhobo esitsha.

polygon yenyukliya Semipalatinsk kubanjelwa kwindawo enkulu ziliwaka 18. 500 macala onke. km. Ukususela kule sayithi zovavanyo kunye ububanzi of malunga ne-10 km yahlulwe kumacandelo sele yabelwe kunye. Kule ndawo, sakha yokulinganisa Izakhiwo zokuhlala iinqaba, yaye baye bahambisa izithuthi ezithwala kunye nomkhosi. Ukongeza, ezi macandelo baba ngaphezu enye enesiqingatha liwaka kwaye ibekwe kujikelezo yokulinganisa izixhobo lokufota kunye cinematographic.

Xa Yayiyimini uvavanyo ecwangcisiweyo, yaye kwaba ngoAgasti 29, kwiziko le ndawo nomphakamo 37 m yasha isigxina RDS-1. Ukuya kubude enkulu rose mushroom efini. Ngoko ke waqalisa umsebenzi wabo ebulalayo kwesiza uvavanyo zenyukliya Semipalatinsk. Memoirs test zamajoni abaye baba nabafo abazizibambiso kwexesha kwaye ubukele le show, phantse enye: ukuqhushumba - nto zombini mbono grand, owoyikekayo.

kuqhuma Statistics

Ngenxa yoko, isiza uvavanyo zenyukliya Semipalatinsk, imbali leyo kakhulu emnyama kunye semfene, waba ibulale abantu abahlala kufutshane. It esebenza ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1989. Ngeli xesha, iimvavanyo ngaphezulu kwama-450 bathwalwa ngaphandle, apho ukuvuthela ukuya 600, zombini izixhobo zenyukliya kunye mbawula. Kwezi, malunga 30 phantsi aze ubuncinane 85 moya. Ukongeza, ezinye iimvavanyo ezenziweyo, eziquka imifuniselo hydrodynamic kunye hydronuclear.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba izityholo amandla iyonke lehle kwisiza uvavanyo yenyukliya Semipalatinsk ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1963, 2.2 amawaka. Times ngaphezu amandla ezabo atom, ukuba chip US ngo-1945 kwi eHiroshima.

imiphumela

Lenkunkuma, ibekwe kumathafa Kazakh, yayikhethekile. Waziwa hayi kuphela indawo yayo enkulu kwaye Bovuthela kulo ezase eziphuhlileyo iyabulala zenyukliya, kodwa into yokuba umhlaba wakhe rhoqo nabantu basekuhlaleni. Oku akuzange naphi na ehlabathini. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zityholo ezimbalwa zokuqala zenyukliya babengafezekanga, ngomgubo wengqolowa obunzima buziikhilogram 64 kusetyenziswa uranium chain reaction ochaphazelekayo malunga 700 kuphela g, yaye intsalela aguqulwa loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-uthuli radioactive, luhlala emhlabeni emva-dubulo.

Ngenxa miphumela ebuhlungu kwesiza uvavanyo zenyukliya Semipalatinsk. mvavanyo ezaqhutywa kuyo kubonakala ngokupheleleyo bendawo. Thabatha, umzekelo, i-dubulo, leyo kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaNovemba 1953. Yaba intlawulo yenyukliya RDS-enombhalo 37. Waphoselwa-moya, kwaye kupakwe endaweni ethile ezinobude yeemitha 1550. Ngenxa yoko ilifu mushroom, leyo ububanzi of km 30 kunye ukuphakama 13-14 km. Waba kubonakala 59 zasemakhaya. Kumgama oyi ezingamakhulu amabini yeekhilomitha ukusuka nombindi dubulo zonke iifestile imizi eyaphukileyo. Kwenye ilali ebulele intombazana encinane, 36 km wawa imigangatho, elinye ijoni yabulala kwaye ngaphezu kwama-500 abahlali abalimele. Ngomhla ngamandla dubulo inokubonwa kwinto yokuba xa Semipalatinsk, ibekwe km 130 ukusuka kwisiza, xa abantu 3 bhalisa mala.

Sinako kazi kuphela ezibangela iimvavanyo zenyukliya ngakumbi, ukuba akukho sivumelwano isalelo zabo emanzini, umoya kunye nesithuba, zisayinwe amagunya engundoqo kule ndawo ngowe-1963.

Fields of application

Ngexesha iminyaka uvavanyo enyukliya ababeyiqwebile ulwazi oluninzi ezixabisekileyo. Uninzi data, uze kule mini iphawulwe "eMelika." Bambalwa uyazi ukuba isayithi uvavanyo yenyukliya Semipalatinsk yasetyenziselwa ezi mvavanyo, hayi nje kuphela kweli emkhosini, kodwa iinjongo zoshishino. Kukho kwakhona ngamaxwebhu bathi eSoviet Union avelise ngaphezu kwe 120 udubulo hayi ngezizathu zomkhosi imimandla.

Izikhali asetyenziselwa ukwenza kumaqula angaphantsi komhlaba ezifunekayo kwishishini oyile negesi, kwakunye nefuthe okwandileyo sele ekuqaleni ukubaleka ngaphandle kwamabala kunye kwezimbiwa. Isimanga, kodwa isiza uvavanyo yenyukliya Semipalatinsk yaba sokufezekisa ukuqokelelela yamava okukhulu ukusetyenziswa kuqhuma ngeenjongo uxolo.

lokuvala

1989 ube ngunyaka engasayi uvavanyo yenyukliya. kweminyaka Kanye 42 emva kukuqhushumba ezabo yokuqala - 29 Agasti 1991 - umthetho okhethekileyo watyikitywa ngu Kazakh Mongameli Nursultan Nazarbayev ejolise ukuvalwa isiza uvavanyo zenyukliya Semipalatinsk. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, le yokugcina yonke kwezixhobo ezinjalo liye lakhutshwa ukususela indawo yalowo State.

Nasemva kweminyaka 2 lonke ikhefu wamajoni apho, kodwa washiya ngasemva nentlungu engasokuze emhlabeni ngohlobo mlilo, imigudu kanye amawaka eekhilomitha zomhlaba tyhefu kunye amasuntswana eqhumayo.

Kurchatov

Kube sele kudlule iminyaka 24 emva kokuba ivaliwe isiza uvavanyo Semipalatinsk. Kodwa Kurchatov - ekuthiwa-kanye isixeko closed - nangoku uba kuthandwa engaqhelekanga phakathi basemzini. Akumangalisi oku, ekubeni abaninzi iphupha ukubona ukuba uhlobo amandla unyamalale ukubangisana ebizwa eSoviet Union. Abakhenkethi abeza apha, indlela enye: Kurchatov - esigangeni Esalingwayo - ichibi engaqhelekanga, nto leyo ubizwa ngokuba Atomic.

Okokuqala, idolophu entsha ebizwa eMoscow-400. Izalamane abasebenza kweza iingcali kwikomkhulu apho ufuna abanjalo babo ababathandayo. Abayi nokubona ukuba ngoku siphila kwama-3 amawaka. Km of eMoscow. Ngoko ke, ngo-1960 le dolophu ngokutsha kwi Semipalatinsk-21, yaye kamva Kurchatov. Igama yokugqibela kunikwa imbeko umphuhlisi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwenkqubo wenyukliya waseUSSR Igor Kurchatov, owayehlala yaye esebenza apha.

Esi sixeko sakhiwa ukusuka ekuqaleni phantse 2 iminyaka. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kubhekwe ukuba amagosa kunye izazinzulu kunye neentsapho zabo ziya kuhlala apha. Ngoko Kurchatov lalinikwa yi kwelona nqanaba liphezulu. Izalamane ababeze kutyelela abo babathandayo, wayekholelwa ukuba bahlala phantse ezulwini. Ngoxa eMoscow abantu kwafuneka eme iiyure ethubeni ukutya kunye amatikiti esandleni, e Kurchatov ezishelifini ezivenkileni ugcwele nje intabalala engaqhelekanga yempahla.

atomic echibini

Kwakubonakala ngathi ngenxa dubulo eziveliswa phakathi kukaJanuwari 1965 ekudibaneni imilambo ezimbini kulo mmandla - kunye Ashchisu inyathelo. Power icala atomic yaba 140 kilotons. Emva kuqhuma, kwakukho ndawo ububanzi of 400 m kunye nobunzulu kwama-100 m. Kungcoliseko radionuclide belizwe hambe echibini lalimalunga 3-4 km. Nantsi ilifa zenyukliya kwesiza test Semipalatinsk.

lenkunkuma ixhoba

Emva konyaka, emva kokuba lokuqala yaveliswa ngu -dubulo yenyukliya, izinga lokusweleka kweentsana liye landa phantse-5 amaxesha, yaye ubomi abantu abadala Sehle kwiminyaka 3-4. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, uphuhliso malformations iziphene kubemi mmandla zinyuke kuphela, yaye emva kweminyaka eli-12 yafikelela 21.2% kwi-amawaka 1. Kuzalwa. Bonke bephela - amaxhoba i Semipalatinsk site uvavanyo yenyukliya.

Kwiindawo ezinobungozi, le radioactivity sayithi ngo-2009 15-20 mr ngeyure nganye. Ngaphandle koku, kukho kusekho abantu abahlala kuyo. De kwango-2006, lo mmandla kuphela akhuselwe, kodwa ke azicinywanga alicanda. Abemi balapha kule ngingqi isetyenziswe lidlelo iinkomo.

Kutshanje, uMongameli Kazakhstan licacise iwonga abantu ababephila ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1990 ecaleni into, leyo kuthiwa "umhlaba uvavanyo Semipalatinsk zenyukliya." Iinzuzo kuba abemi zisasazwe zisekelwe kumgama lwendawo abahlala kuyo ukusuka kwindawo zovavanyo. Le ndawo angcolile yahlulwe kwimimandla 5. Kuxhomekeka kule imbuyekezo eyodwa abaliweyo zemali, ngokunjalo izongezo lwemivuzo. Kwakhona kwaye ukufumana iintsuku ezongezelelweyo ukuba ikhefu lonyaka. Kwimeko apho umntu weza kwelinye imimandla emva 1991, izibonelelo musa isicelo kuyo.